Background Insertion deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has a substantial effect on coronary heart disease (CHD). The amplification of an Alu repetitive element in an intron of the ACE has shown three potential genotypes of I/I and D/D as homozygous, and I/D as heterozygous.Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and CHD among male Iraqi patients with and without type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A case-control study of total 217 male subjects participated in this study, divided into three groups; Group 1 including 86 CHD patients with T2DM, group 2 including 78 CHD patients without T2DM, and group 3 including 53 age and sex-matched healthy individuals (as a control group). Genotyping of ACE (I/D) gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. ResultsThe II allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients without T2DM compared to the control population, but not from those patients with T2DM (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the ID allele was significantly more frequent in each of CHD with T2DM and control populations compared to the CHD without T2DM. The DD allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients with T2DM compared to each of CHD patients without T2DM and control populations (p < 0.05). Conclusion We conclude that the D/D and I/D genotypes are implicated as risk factors for development of CHD with T2DM, but not CHD without T2DM among the male Iraqi population. However, larger sample sizes are needed to monitor the CHD patients and to validate this study.

Objective: The current study aims to investigate the role of MMP-2 in breast cancer pathogenesis in Iraqi women. Methods: A forty one women with breast cancer and 45 control women were included in this case-control study. Body mass index, age, smoking; married status, tumor size, degree, subtype, lymph node status, pre and postmenopesua included the phenotypic results. The polymerase chain reaction-PCR-allele specific restriction was used to observe the rs243865 polymorphism. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and genotyping with specific prefixes for amplification of the MMP-2 gene was accomplished as enzyme-restricted PCR products were digested, followed by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel. In order to interpret the researchers' results, numerous statistical analyses were applied. Results: The amplicon size of MMP-2 gene was 304 bp, and following its amplification reactions by allelic specific PCR. The amplification product for MMP-2 gene amplification SNP rs243865 gene polymorphism results exhibited one band of 304 bp, two bands of 304 bp and one band 304 bp for individuals have genotype as wild type (CC), homozygous (TT) and heterozygous (CT), respectively. Genotype frequencies of rs243865 polymorphism were found to be consistent with Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Allele frequencies of C allele was 0.57, and the T allele was only 0.43 in cases of breast cancer women patient, while the frequencies of CC, CT, and TT genotypes of the rs243865 SNP were statistically significant as 31.7%, 51.2%, 17.1% respectively. Allele frequencies of C and T were 0.78 and 0.22 for the control group, respectively, the heterozygous genotype (CT) was significantly increased the risk of breast cancer women (OR=0.3, 95% CI;0.12 – 0.8 , P≤ 0.05) with respect to those of the CC wild type.  The TT genotype significantly raised the risk of breast cancer women by (OR = 0.2, 95% CI; 0.04 – 0.9, P≤ 0.05). Conclusion: In women with breast cancer, MMP-2 expression is highly association were observed with positive lymph node, histological classification of breast cancer (ll) higher than other classes, and advanced clinical process (ll).

Objective Vitamin D3 deficiency has been defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3[25-(OH)D3] levels below 30 ng/ml and it is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Laboratory studies indicate that 1,25-(OH)D3 suppresses renin expression and vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, then decreases blood pressure. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the association between 25-(OH)D3 level and the risk of blood pressure, and its relation with T2DM and body mass index (BMI).Method This study was conducted at Al-Hussein Medical City/Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital, Karbala, Iraq. All samples, 30 apparently healthy subjects as control, N = 30 and 90 patients (equal number of male and female) with T2DM [50 obese with hypertension (G1) and 40 non-obese without hypertension (G2)], were randomly selected from diabetic patients who had attended the diabetic consultation unit from November 2012 to June 2013 with age ranged between 23 and 75 years. Measurement of 25-(OH)D3, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in addition to blood pressure and BMI were calculated in all samples.Results The results showed that serum 25-(OH)D3 was significantly decreased in G1 and G2 groups (16.8 ± 8.8 ng/ml, 19.5 ± 9.7 ng/ml, respectively), compared with control group (36.0 ± 9.4 ng/ml) at P < 0.001, and 68% of female vs. 57% of male underwent this deficiency. Also 25-(OH)D3 had negative correlation with blood pressure, fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and BMI in diabetic patients in G1 at P < 0.0001 and it had positive significant correlation with HDL-C in G1 and G2 groups.Conclusion It can be concluded that T2DM, systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels correlates significantly with lower concentration of 25-(OH)D3, which suggested that clinical experiences should be taking into account the protective effect of vitamin D in decrease hypertension, which reflects risk factors in diabetic patients with hypertension that leads to metabolic syndrome and then to cardiovascular diseases.

No abstract

Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the role of of Anti-Müllerian hormone and other hormonal biomarkers and insulin resistance in pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome of Iraqi women with various ages and BMI. Method: The sublects include 50 cases of polycystic ovarian syndrome obtained from gynecological and obstetric teaching hospital, Kerbala health directorate / Kerbala – Iraq and another 50 apparently healthy women as a control group. with age ranged between (18-37) years during the period from Dec. 2019 to June, 2020 which was divided into two groups depending upon their age; first group with age (18-27) years and the second with age (28-37) years, also they divided into three subgroups depending upon the body mass index, normal weight (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2), obesity (30-34.9 kg/m2) and  measurement of various hormonal levels were performed including LH, FSH, insulin, insulin resistance, total testosterone and anti-müllerian hormone. Results: A significant elevated levels of each of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), insulin, LH, total testosterone, prolactin, fasting blood glucose, FBG and insulin resistance while, a non-significant differences was found in FSH levels in women with PCOS as compared with control group. Conclusion: A significant high levels of the all hormonal parameters including anti-müllerian hormone, LH, prolactin and total testosterone  was found in women with PCOS as compared with the control, except the FSH values.

Objectives: To explore an association between CAPN10, SNP-44 (rs2975760) with IR condition in women with PCOS. Methods: A study included 120 participants of which 68 women have PCOS subdivide according to their body mass index (BMI) into 45 obese (BMI≥30) and 23 non-obese (BMI<30). The remaining 52 represent the control group who were apparently healthy women with normal weight and normal menstrual cycle. Patients with PCOS were selected from the Infertility Department, Gynecology and Obstetrics Teaching Hospital, Kerbala Health Directorate / Kerbala-Iraq between Nov., 2021 and June, 2022. Diagnosis of PCOS is based on 2 of 3 findings: oligo/anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries in ultrasound (Rotterdam criteria). Patients were interviewed and examined for weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference. Venous blood samples were collected at 9 AM after an overnight fast. IR was assessed by calculating homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) using the formula (fasting glucose mg/dl x fasting insulin µU/ml)/405, taking normal value <2.7. Genotypes of CAPN10, SNP-44 has been identified using Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) technique. Results: The prevalence of IR based on HOMA-IR was (80%) in obese PCOS and (48%) in non-obese PCOS women. CAPN10, SNP-44 has been reconstructed and analyzed in patients and controls. Genotypes of 45 obese PCOS subjects (TT, N=26; TC, N=12; and CC, N=7), 23 non-obese PCOS subjects (TT, N=15; TC, N=6; and CC, N=2) and control subjects (TT, N=39; TC, N=11; and CC, N=2) were identified. The genotype distribution was statistically different between obese PCOS women and controls (OR=5.25, P=0.048). The association of SNP-44 allele with IR status was detected. HOMA-IR was greater in CC (10.54 ± 1.29, 9.88 ± 1.41) than in TT (3.30 ± 1.52, P<0.001; 2.82 ± 1.45, P<0.001) and TC (3.76 ± 1.58, P<0.001; 4.10 ±1.57, P<0.05) in obese PCOS and non-obese PCOS subjects respectively. Conclusion: In obese PCOS, the C allele was associated with higher insulin secretion and HOMA-IR compared with the T allele. The increased HOMA-IR is an indicator of IR. In this scenario, the C allele might be involved in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in PCOS.

ung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and conventional diagnostic strategies must be improved. developments of a simple method or techniques which would enable researchers to identify and validate the early screening biomarker of lung cancer patients. The aims of this article were to review the background documents on the state of the art of the scientific literature in studies that used Placental alkaline phosphatase in the diagnostic of lung cancer also to suggest areas where further research is needed, either to deal with gaps in the knowledge related to employ the heat stability of Placental alkaline phosphatase or assessment the quantitation methods of the isoenzyme.

Objective: This research has been carried out to evaluate the levels of [25(OH)D3] as well as the correlation between the deficiency levels with the risk of experiencing T2DM in sample of Iraqi population. Methods: The levels regarding the 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and the fasting blood sugar (FBG) have been estimated in group of 58 T2DM patients and 31 control subjects of age between (25 - 65 year). The 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 has been estimated via ELISA and fasting blood sugar (FBG) was measured spectrophotometrically. Results: The levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 have been considerably lower in individuals experiencing T2DM (9.465 ± 3.567 ng/ml) than in the control group (14.146 ± 11.045 ng/ml), (P = 0.02) whereas FBG levels were considerably higher in patients experiencing T2DM (218 ± 66 mg/dl) widespread in comparison to control group (89.8 ± 9 mg/dl), (P = 0.009). The levels related to the 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 are inversely related to FBG in both diabetic and control group (P = 0.01, r2 = 0.1), (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.2) respectively. VDD is considered to be related to the hazard of experiencing T2DM; also it is highly prevalent in subjects of Iraqi nationality. Conclusion: VDD is associated to the risk of experiencing T2DM. hypovitaminosis D is very prevalent among the study participants and its percent was higher in female and have a therapeutic implications as cautious supplementation of vitamin D could enhance glycemic control in T2DM.