Relationship of angiotensin converting enzyme (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) and coronary heart disease among a male Iraqi population with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background Insertion deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs4646994) in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has a substantial effect on coronary heart disease (CHD). The amplification of an Alu repetitive element in an intron of the ACE has shown three potential genotypes of I/I and D/D as homozygous, and I/D as heterozygous.Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and CHD among male Iraqi patients with and without type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A case-control study of total 217 male subjects participated in this study, divided into three groups; Group 1 including 86 CHD patients with T2DM, group 2 including 78 CHD patients without T2DM, and group 3 including 53 age and sex-matched healthy individuals (as a control group). Genotyping of ACE (I/D) gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. ResultsThe II allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients without T2DM compared to the control population, but not from those patients with T2DM (p < 0.05). Nonetheless, the ID allele was significantly more frequent in each of CHD with T2DM and control populations compared to the CHD without T2DM. The DD allele was significantly more frequent in CHD patients with T2DM compared to each of CHD patients without T2DM and control populations (p < 0.05). Conclusion We conclude that the D/D and I/D genotypes are implicated as risk factors for development of CHD with T2DM, but not CHD without T2DM among the male Iraqi population. However, larger sample sizes are needed to monitor the CHD patients and to validate this study.

Relationship of Midkine in Myocardial Infarction patients and some biochemical parameters

“…24 Troponin I play an important roles in myocardial infarction as a specific biomarker. 4 These findings are consistent with Ammirati et al, (2021) 25 Cardiac special troponin (cTn) are significant Common biomarkers utilized in contemporary clinical Diagnosis to suspected MI, and their altitude is a key feature in the diagnosis of acute MI. 26 The causes of myocardial damage are many, and myocardiocyte apoptosis, with or without obvious indications of necrosis, may cause the release of cTn from injured cells.…”

“…Chest discomfort that radiates to the left arm or side of the neck, shortness of breath, perspiration, nausea, vomiting, an irregular heartbeat, anxiety, exhaustion, and other symptoms are all signs of MI. 3,4 The term "silent MI" refers to the approximately 64% of MI patients do not experience chest discomfort. 5 MI is caused by a number of factors, including older age, cigarette use high concentration of cholesterol and fat levels, diabetes, obesity, inactivity, chronic renal disease, hypertension, high levels of bad cholesterol LDL (low density lipoprotein), excessive alcohol intake and use of cocaine and amphetamines.…”

“…11 Several recent studies have also shown that MK is a key regulator of angiogenesis and cardiac problems in patients with cardiovascular disease. 4 Surgical techniques to open clogged arteries may become a traditional method, and could be replaced by new non-surgical treatment methods for patients with ischemic diseases through the use of MK, which may be primarily related to atherosclerosis, for example within the heart. 12 This study aims to estimate the concentrations of MK, hs-CRP, TnI, AST, ALT and ALP in serum for MI in comparison to wholesome controls, in an effort to check the quantity of this impact at the pathological condition, in addition to understanding the position of MK in MI sufferers and its relationship to liver function tests and may be used as biochemical markers to decide the severity of MI in sufferers.…”

Association of the rs4646994 in ACE gene with susceptibility to tuberculosis in a region of the Brazilian Amazon

“…Zmorzynski et al observed the association between Del/DEl genotype and more than 2-fold risk of multiple myeloma [ 34 ]. The Del/Del genotype was significantly more frequent in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients with type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to each of CHD patients without T2DM and control populations [ 35 ].…”

Detection of the Association between ACE Gene Polymorphism and Lipid Profiles Level in Some Iraqi Hypertensive Patients

“…24 ACE is connected with some cardiovascular abnormalities such as myocardial infarction, 25 cardiovascular diseases, 26 strokes and coronary heart disease. 27 Some studies have evaluated the relationship between ACE I/D polymorphism and hypertension in North Indian, 28 Chinese, 29 and Brazilian population. 21 However, few studies have assessed the relationship between ACE and lipid profiles in the Saudi population that determine the ACE I/D genotypes with familial hypercholesterolemia.…”