OBJETIVO: Determinar a relação entre diferentes índices de atividade física e preditores de adiposidade em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 111 crianças (57 meninos e 54 meninas), com idade média de 11,62 ± 0,72. Como preditores de adiposidade foram determinados o IMC, percentagem de gordura corporal e a relação cintura/quadril (RCQ). Quanto aos indicadores de atividade física, calcularam-se o gasto energético total (GET), nível de atividade física habitual (NAFH), nível de atividade física (NAF) e gasto energético com atividade física (GEat) através do questionário de Bouchard e, para a taxa metabólica basal (TMB), a equação de Schofield-HW. RESULTADOS: A amostra apresentou diferenças significativas entre os sexos para idade, % de gordura corporal, RCQ, NAFH, NAF, TMB com p < 0,05. Para os meninos o GET, NAF, TMB e GEat apresentaram correlação significativa com o IMC (r = 0,86; r = 0,70; r = 0,91; r = 0,78) e % de gordura (r = 0,78; r = 0,61; r = 0,90; r = 0,70) com p < 0,01, respectivamente, e o GET, TMB, GEat apresentaram correlação significativa com o RCQ (r = 0,28; r = 0,45 e r = 0,28) com p < 0,05. Para as meninas o GET, NAF, TMB, GEat apresentaram valores significativos com o IMC (r = 0,86; r = 0,82; r = 0,78; r = 0,85); em % de gordura todos os indicadores GET, NAFH, NAF, TMB e GEat foram significativos (r = 0,73; r = -0,29; r = 0,66; r = 0,74; r = 0,70) com p < 0,05. CONCLUSÃO: Os diferentes indicadores de nível de atividade física apresentaram significativa correlação com os preditores de adiposidade com exceção do RCQ para as meninas. O aumento da massa corporal demonstrou relação significância com o aumento do dispêndio energético em função da maior necessidade de energia para movimentar o corpo.
Introduction: By associating genetics and sport, it is possible to identify subjects with greater capacity to adapt to training, and lower chances of injury. Objective: The investigation evaluated the genotypic and allelic distribution of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D polymorphisms in Brazilian high-performance athletes in wrestling and percussion combat sports. Methods: The study included 37 male athletes ranked from first to third place in world scenarios, divided into two groups: wrestling (23 wrestlers, being 11 of Judo, 4 of Greco-Roman style, 8 of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, with mean age of 27.3 ± 6.9 years) and percussion combat sports (14 athletes with a mean age of 25.7±4.4 years, being 6 of Karate, 3 of Muay Thai, 4 of Taekwondo, 1 Boxing). Genotyping of ACTN3 and ACE I/D polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from the genomic DNA. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared with control populations and athletes by Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test; all analyzes considered p ≤ 0.05. Results: The genotypic distributions and allelic frequencies of ACTN3 RR=46%, RX=38% and XX=16%; R=65% and X=35%, and ACE I/D DD=47.7%, ID=34.3% and II=20%; D=62.9% and I=37.1% did not differ from the control population; however, when compared with wrestling athletes a significant difference was observed. Conclusion: These results suggest an association of ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D genes with Brazilian high-performance wrestling athletes.
Introduction: Physical performance depends on a variety of biological and mechanical properties. These different phenotypes are related through the complex interaction between the environment and the individual genetic profile. The hypothesis is that there is a hereditary component that interferes in physical fitness. ACE stands out among the genes that may influence this response. Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the polymorphism of the ACE gene in American football athletes. Methods: At the end of the study, the sample was composed of 45 male athletes and 72 non-athletes. DNA was extracted from the jugal mucosa. ACE polymorphisms were genotyped through polymerase chain reaction and analyzed using the electrophoresis process. To compare the frequency of genotypes between athletes and the control group, we used the Chi-square test. The association between the frequencies of alleles was verified through the 2X2 contingency tables analyzed using the Chi-square test with Yates correction. The type of study was diagnostic -Investigation of a diagnostic test, level of evidence II. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant for all the analyses. Results: The results showed a greater frequency of the D allele in American football athletes when compared with non-athletes, and a significant difference in the genotypic distribution of the athletes being composed of a higher number of the DD genotype as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study provides evidence of the allelic and genotypic influence of ACE polymorphism in amateur American football players in Brazil. Level of evidence II; Investigation of a diagnostic test.
Aims This study aimed to investigate the association of the salivary pH and parameters of oral health in Brazilian para‐athletes. Methods and results The sample was composed of 271 Brazilian para‐athletes (147 athletics, 61 powerlifting, and 63 swimming); mean age was 31.2 ± 11.7 years. Data collected during anamnesis, clinical examination, and saliva collection revealed that salivary pH was different among sports (p = .01) and tends to decrease as age and body mass index (BMI) increase (p = .026, .027, respectively). The mean decay missing filled teeth was 8.8 (±0.57), but there is no correlation with salivary pH (R2 = −0.0852; CI 95%, −0.215–0.047; p = .194) as habits of grinding, clenching teeth, or bruxism was not associated with salivary pH (p = .317, .932, and .444, respectively). Regarding breathing, para‐athletes that have buccal breathing had significantly higher salivary pH (p = .04). This data were confirmed by multiple logistic regression (p = .05). Open bite, lip seal, geographic or fissured tongue also were not associated with variation of salivary pH (p > .05). Conclusions This study provided evidence of an association between salivary pH with age, BMI, type of breathing, and type of sport practiced by the para‐athletes
Objective: To investigate the acute effect of three different warm-up protocols on a maximal isokinetic strength test. Methods: Twenty-two male, recreational athletes involved in regular resistance training were evaluated. Subjects performed a maximal isokinetic strength test of the knee extensors in an isokinetic dynamometer after completing a control session or one of the following warm-up protocols using a randomized design: a general warm-up, stretching warm-up, or specific warm-up. The comparison between treatments was completed through Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance, followed by a Bonferroni “post hoc” test (p < 0.05). Results: The only difference found was the concentric peak moment following the application of the specific warm-up protocol, which was lower than the control session (12.94%; p < 0.05). No other differences were noted in eccentric peak movement or total work (concentric + eccentric) parameter after application of any the warm-up protocols within control condition (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The finding of this investigation showed that none of warm-up protocols applied were able to change the total work of maximal isokinetic strength. Thus, our investigation suggests that the general warm-up, stretching warm-up and specific warm-up have had no adverse or improved effectiveness on acute muscle strength capacity.
Introduction: Physical fitness in soccer needs to be constantly updated due to current demands in contemporary soccer. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the statistical K-means Clustering in the distribution of groups based on physiological responses relevant to soccer. Methods: The athletes underwent anthropometric evaluations to determine the percentage of fat (%F) and lean mass (LM), treadmill incremental test to obtain the VO 2 maximum (VO 2max ) and ventilatory threshold velocity (VL), as well as testing field for agility (AG) and vertical jump (VJ). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and distribution of groups was developed by the technique of Cluster K-means as the similarities of the players with these physiological variables, assuming a significance level of p < 0.05. The results showed that both groups differed significantly only with respect to VJ (p < 0,001), LM (p < 0.001), VL (p = 0.011) and VO 2max (p = 0,029) indicating that the athletes for these variables need to be distributed in groups. However the %F and AG (p = 0.317; p = 0.922) respectively, were not different indicating that these variables can be improved in all athletes collectively. Conclusion: Given these results, we conclude that the distribution of groups by K-means clustering technique can be performed using physiological responses of athletes as well as optimize the training for the professional soccer players can focus on the main training needs that athletes have in common regardless of the tactical function exercised in the field.
da luta. Nenhum país tem o direito de negar o seu passado. Deve assumi-lo no que ele tem de grandioso e medíocre, louvável ou reprovável, claro ou sombrio. O tempo histórico é sempre relativo e raramente pode ser apagado, coisa que tem sido sobejas vezes tentado na Coreia, seja do Norte ou do Sul. É impossível reescrever a história pois os escribas estão lá para fazer "inquérito". Esta explanação resume algumas das razões históricas que mancharam de ódio e sangue as relações entre Coreia e Japão. A história desportiva coreana entrelaça-se inexoravelmente com a do Japão. Foi durante o período da ocupação colonial japonesa que a Coreia encontrou o seu primeiro herói desportivo. Sohn Ki-chung, foi o campeão da maratona nos Jogos Olímpicos de Berlim, em 1936. Este coreano envergava uma camisola com o símbolo do sol nascente e foi a bandeira japonesa que ele viu subir no mastro para glorificar o seu feito. Podemos perguntar o que estaria Sonh a pensar naquele momento. Felicidade interior por um feito excecional? Revolta interior por estar a glorificar o inimigo? Penso que nos momentos mais elevados de glória desportiva, naqueles em que o atleta está só consigo e com a sua legenda, vinga, fundamentalmente, a assunção solitária do feito. Uma dimensão que começa e acaba em si. Só depois é que aparecem as outras referências, família, amigos, nação, etc. O que pensou Eusébio, em 1966, quando chorou após a derrota imerecida contra a Inglaterra? Naqueles momentos cala-se a força do grupo, clã ou nação e só fala a saga individual. Eusébio queria, antes de tudo, a vitória por si e para si porque procurou a glória com toda a força do seu valor, e acima das eventuais reflexões de que estava a contribuir para glória do país que o tinha como ídolo. O desporto, antes de tudo, é o homem solitário empenhado na superação dos seus limites contra tudo e contra todos. Só depois é que assume a tessitura da agregação que congrega o outro, o grupo, a família, a nação, por vezes o continente. Por isso, penso que Sohn Ki-chung foi campeão olímpico antes de mais por si próprio, como corolário do muito que sofreu para atingir o cume do êxito. A medalha vale por si e para si e em nada é diminuída por ter sido obtida com a camisola do opressor colonial. A análise das relações entre o desporto e a política são marcadas pelo zeitgeist. Devemos evitar, na análise histórica, cair em anacronismos. Só assim podemos ter o distanciamento suficiente para as análises críticas dos factos históricos. Só assim podemos compreender o facto de, em 1938, num jogo de futebol entre a Alemanha e a Inglaterra, o Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros Britânico ter tido o cuidado de avisar os jogadores da seleção britânica de fazerem a saudação nazi aos seus convidados. Aquilo que em 1938 era um gesto de cortesia, seria um crime ideológico em 1944. Se, como alguém disse, a política é a guerra sem armas temos de assumir que, por vezes, o desporto, como expressão política de uma dada sociedade pode ser assumido como arma de arremesso contra a paz entre nações. Acreditemos...
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