The Influence of Ace I/D Gene Polymorphism in Amateur American Football Athletes in Brazil

Abstract

Introduction: Physical performance depends on a variety of biological and mechanical properties. These different phenotypes are related through the complex interaction between the environment and the individual genetic profile. The hypothesis is that there is a hereditary component that interferes in physical fitness. ACE stands out among the genes that may influence this response. Objectives: The objective of this study is to analyze the polymorphism of the ACE gene in American football athletes. Methods: At the end of the study, the sample was composed of 45 male athletes and 72 non-athletes. DNA was extracted from the jugal mucosa. ACE polymorphisms were genotyped through polymerase chain reaction and analyzed using the electrophoresis process. To compare the frequency of genotypes between athletes and the control group, we used the Chi-square test. The association between the frequencies of alleles was verified through the 2X2 contingency tables analyzed using the Chi-square test with Yates correction. The type of study was diagnostic -Investigation of a diagnostic test, level of evidence II. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant for all the analyses. Results: The results showed a greater frequency of the D allele in American football athletes when compared with non-athletes, and a significant difference in the genotypic distribution of the athletes being composed of a higher number of the DD genotype as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The study provides evidence of the allelic and genotypic influence of ACE polymorphism in amateur American football players in Brazil. Level of evidence II; Investigation of a diagnostic test.

Somatotipo y polimorfismo del gen ACTN3 y ECA en jugadores de tenis de mesa chilenos (Somatotype and polymorphism of the ACTN3 and ACE gene in Chilean table tennis players)

“…En el caso de los tenimesistas chilenos, estos reportan un predominio del genotipo XX y alelo X, lo que podría indicar una disposición genética para esta disciplina, sin embargo, no fue posible dar con estudios que evaluaran genotipo en deportas de esta especialidad. En cuanto a genotipo ECA, la combinación DI y el predominio del alelo D ha sido señalado el de mayor predominio en deportes de potencia y velocidad (Feng, Ji, Dong, & Liu, 2019;Jin et al, 2016;Ma et al, 2013;McCauley et al, 2010;Santoro et al, 2019) lo que podría ser relevante, en cuanto la potencia y la velocidad, se han descrito como esenciales para el rendimiento en jugadores de tenis de mesa, por lo que, los resultados del presente estudio, podrían indicar una ventaja genética para tenimesistas chilenos.…”

“…Diversos estudios han demostrado respecto al polimorfismo de ECA, un predominio del alelo D en deportistas que practican deportes de fuerza y velocidad (Ben Zaken et al, 2015;Garton et al, 2018;Santoro et al, 2019). Por otro lado, respecto al polimorfismo del ACTN3, algunas investigaciones han reportado el predominio del genotipo RR o RX en deportistas de elite y su relevancia en el rendimiento de fuerza y velocidad (Andrade-Mayorga et al, 2019;Arroyo, 2020;Astorino et al, 2018;João et al, 2015).…”

Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Azerbaijan population

“…The results of the polymorphism of the ACE gene in American 45 male football athletes vs 72 non-athletes showed a greater frequency of the D allele in athletes with comparison in non-athletes (Santoro et al, 2019). Moreover, a significant difference (p≤0.05) in the genotypic distribution of the athletes was composed of a higher number of the DD genotype as compared to the control group.…”

Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Impact on Body Composition and Performance of Brazilians in a 105 Km Mountain Ultramarathon

“…For all athlete samples, genomic DNA was extracted from saliva collected through scraping the buccal mucosa and rinsing with a 3% glucose solution, using a standard phenol–chloroform extraction method. All samples were stored in the freezer at −20 °C for two days [ 28 ]. For genotyping the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism, specific primers were used ( Table 1 ).…”

“…To enhance genotyping specificity, the samples showing the DD genotype were re-evaluated using an insertion-specific forward primer ( Table 1 ). The PCR amplification protocol included (a) 95 °C for 5 min of initial denaturation and enzyme release, (b) 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, (c) annealing at 56 °C for 1 min, (d) an extension at 72 °C for 1 min, and (e) after finishing the 35 cycles, there was a 5 min extension at 72 °C [ 28 ].…”