The frequency of species of the genus Eimeria in a dairy herd in the municipality of Boa Esperança, Southern region of the State of Minas Gerais was assessed. From 37 females of the Friesian breed aged three to seven months, 259 feces samples were analyzed between May and September 2008. The examinations to quantify oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) and identify Eimeria species were conducted at the Veterinary Parasitology Laboratory of the Federal University of Lavras. Eleven species of Eimeria were identified, namely: E. bovis (23.2%), E. zuernii (22.6%), E. ellipsoidalis (20.3%), E. cylindrica (14.1%), E. subspherica (5.4%), E. canadensis (3.5%), E. alabamensis (2.4%), E. auburnensis (2.4%), E. pellita (2.1%), E. brasiliensis (2%) and E. bukidnonensis (1.9%). E. bovis, E. zuernii and E. ellipsoidalis were the most frequent and the ones with the highest oocyst shedding over time (p < 0.05). Differences in OPG counts were found between most months studied (p < 0.05). The large number of Eimeria species found, in particular E. bovis and E. zuernii, indicates that Eimeria sp. has significant pathogenic potential in dairy cattle in the South of Minas Gerais.

RESUMOOs objetivos desta pesquisa foram simular, analisar e quantificar o impacto econômico da frequência média anual de mastite clínica em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com 1, 7 e 15% de mastite clínica. Foram consideradas como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, contagem de células somáticas no tanque e contagem de células somática individual), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medida curativa considerou-se apenas tratamento de casos clínicos. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total em perdas acrescido das despesas com prevenção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da frequência média anual de mastite influenciou diretamente no impacto econômico da mastite, evidenciando a necessidade de monitoramento da mastite clínica e subclínica e adoção de medidas preventivas para diminuir os prejuízos ocasionados por essa enfermidade. As despesas com tratamento preventivo representaram, no máximo, 19,7% do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, pois ela irá contribuir significativamente para reduzir o impacto econômico da mastite. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Bovinocultura leiteira, mastite clínica, sanidade animal. ABSTRACT INFLUENCE OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MASTITIS IN DAIRY CATTLE. The objectivesof this research were to analyze and quantify the economic impact of the annual average frequency of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The research was carried through data simulation in the CU$TO MASTITE computational system, considering dairy cattle with 1, 7 and 15% of clinical mastitis. The expenditures considered as prevention included those of monitoring (culture and antibiogram, bulk tank somatic cell count and individual somatic cell count) pre-and post-dipping, vaccination, treatment of dry cows and maintenance of the milking machine. The measures considered as healing consisted only of the treatment of clinical cases. The impact of the mastitis was estimated as being the total in losses in addition to the expenditures with prevention and treatment of clinical cases. The increase of the annual average frequency of mastitis directly influenced the economic impact of the mastitis. The higher economic impact evidences the need for the monitoring of clinical and subclinical mastitis and the adoption of preventative measures to diminish the damages caused by this disease. The expenditures with preventive treatment represented, at maximum, 19.7% of the economic impact, which demonstrates the advantages of investing in this practice, since it contributes significantly toward reducing the economic impact of mastitis.

Objetivou-se analisar a aplicabilidade das ferramentas de gestão matriz GUT (gravidade, urgência e tendência), Brainstorming, PDCA (plan, do, check, action), diagrama de Ishikawa e 5W2H, visando o levantamento e a correção de pontos falhos a partir do diagnóstico de propriedades produtoras de leite. Os dados utilizados foram provenientes de quatro propriedades, localizadas na região de Uberlândia, MG, de agosto a dezembro de 2014, sendo coletados a partir de um formulário semiestruturado, contendo 549 questões. As respostas foram obtidas por meio da observação, bem como por entrevistas com os proprietários. Utilizando-se a matriz GUT, os principais pontos fracos encontrados, em ordem decrescente, foram: não realização de exames de brucelose e tuberculose, ausência de pastejo rotacionado, falta de volumoso para a época seca, excesso de proteína na ração concentrada e presença de lama nas áreas de descanso. Os principais pontos fortes encontrados foram: boa qualidade do leite, manejo adequado de vacas secas, cuidados com recém-nascidos, uso de tecnologias (inseminação artificial, ordenhadeira mecânica, cerca elétrica) e realização de controle zootécnico. A partir do ranqueamento dos pontos fracos, e utilizando a ferramenta de gestão Brainstorming, definiu quais ferramentas de gestão seriam utilizadas: PDCA, 5W2H e/ou Diagrama de Ishikawa, visando corrigi-los ou, pelo menos, amenizá-los. Concluiu-se que é possível adequar as ferramentas de gestão à pecuária leiteira, podendo ser usadas de forma contínua para o gerenciamento ou de forma pontual no estabelecimento de um plano ou projeto. Recomenda-se que elas sejam utilizadas, pois pontos fracos poderão ser identificados e corrigidas as ineficiências, contribuindo no aumento da rentabilidade e da lucratividade. Entretanto, são necessários conhecimentos de gestão e zootécnicos para aplicação de tais ferramentas em fazendas leiteiras.

RESUMO: Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar e quantificar o efeito da produtividade diária por animal no impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de simulação no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, considerando rebanhos leiteiros com produtividade média diária de 10; 20 e 30 litros de leite/dia. Foram consideradas como prevenção as despesas com monitoramento da incidência de mastite (cultura e antibiograma, contagem de células somáticas no tanque e contagem de células somáticas por animal), pré e pós dipping, vacinação e tratamento de vacas secas. Como medidas curativas consideraram-se os tratamentos com casos clínicos, com ocorrência de 7% do total de vacas em lactação. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total em perdas (redução na produção e descarte de leite durante o tratamento e período de carência do antibiótico) acrescido das despesas com prevenção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da produtividade diária por animal diminuiu o impacto econômico da mastite. As maiores produtividades apresentaram menores valores de impacto econômico, por litro de leite comercializado, devido à otimização dos produtos e materiais utilizados por animal, reduzindo as despesas operacionais. As despesas com tratamento preventivo representaram, no máximo, 13,5% do impacto econômico, sendo esta menor que o impacto econômico das despesas com tratamento curativo, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, pois a mesma contribuirá para a diminuição do impacto econômico da mastite.Palavras chave: bovinocultura leiteira, prevenção, qualidade do leite. EFFECT OF DAILY MILK PRODUCTION ON THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF MASTITITS IN CATTLE HERDSABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to analyze and quantify the effect of daily productivity per animal on the economic impact of mastitis in dairy cattle herds. A simulation study was conducted using the CU$TO MASTITE computational program. Dairy herds with an average production of 10, 20 and 30 liters of milk/day were considered. As preventive measures, expenses with mastitis incidence monitoring (culture and antibiogram, somatic cell count in the tank and somatic cells count per animal), pre-and post-dipping, vaccination, and treatment of dry cows were computed. Treatments of clinical cases, which corresponded to 7% of all lactating cows, were considered as curative measures. The impact of mastitis was estimated as total losses (reduction in production and milk disposal during treatment and antibiotic withdrawal period) plus expenses with prevention and treatment of clinical cases. An increase in daily productivity per

This study aimed to analyze the economic viability of implementing and using a Canadian biodigester for power generation in a milk production system. Specifically, we intended to estimate the generated power production, the total production cost (TC), the total operating cost (TOC), and the effective operating cost (EOC) of 1 kW of power generated, and estimate the break-even point of the power produced. The research was carried out on a farm located in southern Minas Gerais (Brazil) from January to December 2017. Three scenarios were analyzed through the tree-point estimation (most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic). Scenario 1 considered the use of power for the acclimatization of free-stall barns during 13 hours day-1 plus the use of 50% of the produced biofertilizer. Scenario 2 considered the use of power during 13 hours day-1 for the acclimatization of free-stall barns and milking parlor, which means an increase in power consumption estimated at 10% compared to scenario 1, plus the use of 75% of the produced biofertilizer. Moreover, scenario 3 considered the use of power for the acclimatization of free-stall barns during 6.5 hours day-1 plus 25% of the produced biofertilizer. All scenarios considered the amount charged per kWh by the Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais (CEMIG). Monte Carlo simulations were carried out with minimum acceptable rates of return ranging from zero to 50%. Power generation was economically viable in all scenarios, with positive net present value (NPV), internal rates of return above the minimum acceptable rate of return, simple and discounted payback below the 10-year horizon, and satisfactory benefit-cost ratios. The EOC values of 1 kWh of power were estimated at R$ 0.1990, R$ 0.1791, and R$ 0.3308 for scenarios 1, 2, and 3, respectively, whereas the mean total cost (TC) was R$ 0.5618 (±0.21) considering all scenarios, above the purchase values at CEMIG, which would be R$ 0.50. The TC value was R$ 99,804.42 for scenarios 1 and 2, and R$ 92,424.09 for scenario 3, with a minimum acceptable rate of return of 8.50, while the TOC values were R$ 69,486.62 in scenarios 1 and 2, and R$ 62,229.66 in scenario 3. The amount of power generated in all scenarios was higher than the break-even point. All Monte Carlo simulation models showed positive NPV values, indicating that there is a high probability of being above expectations.

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram analisar e quantificar a influência da escala de produção no impacto econômico da mastite em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros. A pesquisa foi realizada, por meio de simulação, no sistema computacional CU$TO MASTITE, com rebanhos leiteiros de 50, 100 e 150 vacas em lactação. Foram consideradas como de prevenção as despesas com monitoramento (cultura e antibiograma, CCST e CCSI), pré e pós dipping, vacinação, tratamento de vacas secas e manutenção de ordenhadeira. Como medidas curativas, consideraram-se os tratamentos com casos clínicos, cuja percentagem foi de 7% das vacas em lactação. O impacto da mastite foi estimado como sendo o total de perdas, acrescido das despesas com prevenção e tratamento de casos clínicos. O aumento da escala de produção resultou em menor impacto econômico da mastite por vaca em lactação. Quando se analisou o efeito da escala de produção, os maiores responsáveis pelo impacto econômico foram, em ordem decrescente, as perdas com descarte de leite, o tratamento curativo de animais acometidos clinicamente e a redução da produção de leite. As despesas com tratamento preventivo representaram, no máximo, 11,7% do impacto econômico, o que demonstra vantagens em investir nessa prática, que irá contribuir significativamente para diminuição do impacto econômico da mastite

This study analysed the effect of socioeconomic factors on the yields of 28 family-operated dairy farms in the mesoregion of the Triângulo/Alto Paranaiba in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, to identify which components constituted greater proportions of the total costs and operating efficiency and those components’ effects on revenue. Data were collected from January to December 2013. The socioeconomic factors, place of residence, producer's age, education level, and land tenure were evaluated for their effects on the variables, gross margin, net margin, yield, and profitability. In this study, none of these socioeconomic factors affected the economic variables. Of the net operating costs, the components that constituted most of the dairy farming costs, in descending order, were feed, labour and sanitation. For total costs, the components in descending order were feed, depreciation and return on invested capital. Of the net operating costs, the components constituting most of the dairy business revenue, in descending order, were feed, miscellaneous expenses and labour.

This study proposes to examine the economic viability of implementing the necessary infrastructure for the recycling of bedding sand from a free-stall facility in a milk production system in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. In specific terms, the total production cost (TC), total operating cost (TOC) and effective operating cost (EOC) of a cubic meter of recycled sand were estimated in order to estimate the total sand consumption for the free-stall system and per bed year-1 as well as the equilibrium point of the amount of recycled sand, in cubic meters. The experiment was carried out on a farm located in the south of Minas Gerais from January 2016 to December 2017. Three scenarios were analyzed by the tree-point estimation method (MOP - most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic). Utilization of 85%, 95% and 75% of the recycled sand was considered for scenarios 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In all of them, the value charged per cubic meter of sand by a supplier close to the farm was considered. Monte Carlo simulation was also carried out with hurdle rates (HR) of up to 90%. Under the studied conditions, sand recycling showed to be economically viable in all scenarios, with positive net present values (NPV), internal rates of return above the HR, simple and discounted payback below the 10-year horizon, and satisfactory cost benefit-1 ratios (greater than 1). The EOC of one cubic meter of recycled sand was estimated at R$5.04, R$4.51 and R$5.72 for scenarios 1, 2 and 3, respectively, whereas the average TC, considering all scenarios, was R$6.84 (+0.81), which is less than the acquisition price of R$28.57 at the sand extraction site. The TC was R$37,219.51 and R$34,637.74 for the scenarios with HR of 8.50 and 6.99%, respectively, whereas TOC was R$22,572.08 in all analyzed scenarios. The estimated total annual sand consumption by the free-stall system was 526.44 m³, with an estimated average of 1.23 m³ (+0.28) bed-1 year-1. All Monte Carlo simulation models showed positive NPV as well as HR of up to 90%, which reflect a high probability of positive NPV.