Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prolonged and disabling functional gastrointestinal disorder with the incidence rate of 18% in the world. IBS could seriously affect lifetime of patients and cause high economic burden on the community. The pathophysiology of the IBS is hardly understood, whereas several possible mechanisms, such as visceral hypersensitivity, irregular gut motility, abnormal brain–gut relations, and the role of infectious agents, are implicated in initiation and development of this syndrome. Different studies demonstrated an alteration in B‐lymphocytes, mast cells (MC), T‐lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in intestinal mucosa or systemic circulation that are likely to contribute to the formation of the IBS. Therefore, IBS could be developed in those with genetic predisposition. Infections’ role in initiation and exacerbation of IBS has been investigated by quite several clinical studies; moreover, the possible role of some pathogens in development and exacerbation of this disease has been described. It appears that the main obligatory pathogens correspond with the IBS disease, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, and viruses, particularly noroviruses. A number of pathogenic parasites (Blastocystis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Giardia lamblia) may also be involved in the progression and exacerbation of the disease. Based on the current knowledge, the current study concludes that the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens may be involved in the development and progression of IBS.

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Healthy carriers of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) play an important role in the spread of invasive disease. The aim of this study was to assess the need for Hib vaccination in Iranian children by estimating the prevalence of Hib oropharyngeal colonization among children in Tehran. Cultures were prepared from oropharyngeal swabs of 1000 children in 25 day-care centres in Tehran from October 2005 to March 2006. The prevalence of Hib carriers was 7.6%, similar to other developing countries prior to inoculation with the conjugate Hib vaccine. We recommend Hib vaccination be included in the Iranian national programme of immunization. ‫ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻌﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﰊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﱠ‬

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Background: The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between nutritional knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) and physical activity (PA) on the quality of life (QOL) in women with breast cancer (BC). Methods: This cross-sectional study involved all women with BC who referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran during the years 2018-2019 that by using Cochran formula, 220 of them were selected by convenience sampling and answered the questionnaire including Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), Nutritional Knowledge, Attitude, Practice Survey (KAP) and Quality of life Questionnaire for breast cancer patients (QLQ-30). To determine the share of nutritional variables and physical activity (PA) in predicting QOL, standard multiple regression was used by SPSS 22 software. Results: The findings of the study showed that the BC patients’ PA (109.61±110.831), QOL (49.805±16.830) and KAP (K= 46.028±11.879; A=45.540±19.754; P=46.870±12.362) were not in a good condition.The best functional outcomes of QLQ-30 questionnaire were found for social functioning (73.560±26.873) and role functioning (73.560±26.873) subscales whereas emotional functioning was found lowest (58.257±24.298).Also, the results showed thatNutrition-RelatedKnowledge (β=144; P=0.036), Attitudes (β=160; P=0.038), and Practice (β=0.596; P=0.045) and PA (β=0.042; P=0.001) were significant factorsinpredictingcancer patients’ quality of life. Conclusion: The study showed that active patients have a good QOL, also, right nutritional choices and performance by the patients can result in better quality of life, therefore, the patients should receive special interventions at this time.

Backgrounds: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging threat worldwide. Community-associated-MRSA strains differ from hospital-acquired MRSA strains in their genetic backgrounds, pathogenicity, and antibiotic susceptibilities. Although few studies have reported the epidemiology of the different community-associated-MRSA and hospital-acquired-MRSA clones present, there are insufficient data available on MRSA characteristics in Iran. The present cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the prevalence of MRSA, the antimicrobial susceptibility of the strains, and the molecular epidemiology of such MRSA isolates from a hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Methods: S. aureus isolates were collected from patients with clinical signs and symptoms of infection admitted to Imam Reza Hospital, from September 2016 to March 2017 in Tabriz, Iran. Standard conventional biochemical tests for identification of the isolates were performed on colonies from primary cultures. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the standardized Kirby–Bauer disc-diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar. All methicillin-resistant isolates were archived for subsequent molecular tests, including PCR for mecA gene and multilocus sequence typing. Results: Among 39 S. aureus isolates enrolled, 33.3% (13/39) were identified as MRSA strains. Antibiotic susceptibilities to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and clindamycin, were measured as, 48.7, 46.2, and 35.9%, respectively. All of the 39 isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid. Sequence type (ST)-238 was the predominant clone (15.3%), and ST585, ST1, ST88, ST45, ST158, ST1097, ST2373, and ST2873 were other detected sequence type. In addition, two undetermined sequence type (a sequence type was not matched to any sequence type identified) were detected in this study. Conclusion: ST238 strains, which were previously not found as MRSA, could now widely distribute in Iranian population. In addition, the resistance rate of MRSA strains against multiple classes of antibiotics should be considered when selecting empirical antibiotics for MRSA infections in Iran.