The possible role of bacteria, viruses, and parasites in initiation and exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prolonged and disabling functional gastrointestinal disorder with the incidence rate of 18% in the world. IBS could seriously affect lifetime of patients and cause high economic burden on the community. The pathophysiology of the IBS is hardly understood, whereas several possible mechanisms, such as visceral hypersensitivity, irregular gut motility, abnormal brain–gut relations, and the role of infectious agents, are implicated in initiation and development of this syndrome. Different studies demonstrated an alteration in B‐lymphocytes, mast cells (MC), T‐lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in intestinal mucosa or systemic circulation that are likely to contribute to the formation of the IBS. Therefore, IBS could be developed in those with genetic predisposition. Infections’ role in initiation and exacerbation of IBS has been investigated by quite several clinical studies; moreover, the possible role of some pathogens in development and exacerbation of this disease has been described. It appears that the main obligatory pathogens correspond with the IBS disease, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, and viruses, particularly noroviruses. A number of pathogenic parasites (Blastocystis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Giardia lamblia) may also be involved in the progression and exacerbation of the disease. Based on the current knowledge, the current study concludes that the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens may be involved in the development and progression of IBS.

Frequency Electromagnetic field effects on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

“…E. coli and S. aureus bacteria, gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively, were selected for this study. These two bacteria can be found in abundance in nature; in addition, they cause various infections including diarrhea, wound infection and septicemia in humans (13,14). After placing E. coli in an electromagnetic field of 1mT, the number of colonies was increased in comparison to the control group that had not been The results obtained in the present study are in line with the results obtained by Nawrotek and his colleagues.…”

Intestinal parasites in hemodialysis patients from developing countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…Studies suggested that the organism's role in nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting together with extra‐intestinal manifestations, particularly urticaria . The role of Blastocystis in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was also reported recently, but there was not good evidence supporting the association of Blastocystis with gastrointestinal disorders. Thus Blastocystis is still considered as a nonpathogenic parasite .…”

Veränderungen der Darm-Gehirn-Achse beim Reizdarmsyndrom – Ein Update

“…Unter physiologischen Bedingungen stellen Tight Junctions im Darm die entscheidende Determinante der mukosalen Barrierefunktion dar. Durch Infektion [20] [21], genetische Prädisposition [22][23] [24], zentralnervöse Veränderungen wie eine erhöhte Stressachsenaktivierung [25], Angsterkrankungen oder Depression [26] kann es zu Veränderungen im Darmepithel kommen, was wiederum eine erhöhte Gefahr für intestinale Infektionen mit sich bringt. Eine erhöhte Permeabilität der Tight Junctions, welche bei RDS u. a. auf Veränderungen der Claudin-und Occludin-Expression zurückzuführen ist [27], führt zur Rekrutierung von Immunzellen wie dendritischen Zellen oder Mastzellen, die durch die Ausschüttung proinflammatorischer Zytokine wie Interleukine, Histamin oder Serotonin eine lokale Inflammation hervorrufen können [28].…”