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Background: The aim of present study was to compare the effects of negative energy balance with food restriction and/or aerobic exercise on the glucose, insulin, and GLUT4 levels in diabetic male rats. Methods: Fifty-six 10-week old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups: a non-diabetic (ND) group and six diabetic groups. After an infusion of type 2 diabetes, the diabetic groups were given labels as well, namely diabetic control (DC) group, exercise (Ex) group, food restriction with standard diet (FRSD) group, food restriction with low-carbohydrate diet (FRLCD) group, food restriction with standard diet combination in exercise (FRSDE) group, and food restriction with low-carbohydrate diet combination in exercise (FRLCDE) group. Further, to induce caloric restriction (CR), food intake was reduced by 20% and given to food restriction consists of both of (FRSD and FRLCD). Hundred percent food consumption for the Ex group was fixed, but instead, 20% of their energy intake in exercise was calculated, and time of daily exercise was determined. Finally, a combination of reduced food intake (10%) and exercise (10%) was applied in each group FRSDE and FRLCDE for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that type 2 diabetes inductions had reduced glucose, insulin, and GLUT4 gene expression compared to the ND group ( P = 0.001). However, there were significant differences in GLUT4 gene expression between groups after 8 weeks of intervention ( P = 0.001). A post hoc least significant difference test show that compared to DC group, GLUT4 gene expression level of Ex, FRSDE, and FRLCDE groups was significantly increased 47% ( P = 0.004), 60% ( P = 0.001), and 65% ( P = 0.001), respectively after 8 week of intervention, but it was not significant or with any other diabetic groups ( P > 0.05). Moreover, glucose levels were significantly higher in the FRLCDE, FRLCD, FRSD, FRSDE, Ex groups compared with the DC group in the same period ( P = 0.0.01). Conclusions: It was concluded that FRSD and FRLCD combination in regular exercise was elevated of GLUT4 gene expression in type 2 diabetes. These results may help to develop new methods for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Obesity is a complex disorder which is characterised by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue and is linked to many health problems including cardiovascular disease. Green tea has anti-oxidant properties and has been shown to be beneficial for reducing obesity measures such as waist to hip ratio and fat mass. Physical activity and particularly aerobic exercise has been linked with weight reduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea consumption and aerobic exercise on obesity measures and in particular on lipid profiles and waist to hip ratio (WHR) in sedentary women. Forty females were recruited from a population of sedentary women who had been referred by their doctor to a fitness facility. All participants signed an informed consent and were randomly assigned to either one of four intervention groups: a) aerobic exercise, b) green tea, c) aerobic exercise and green tea, and d) control. Before and after the eight-week intervention, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and lipid levels (HDL, LDL, triglycerides and cholesterol) were measured. Results showed that WHR showed no change in control but reduced significantly in the other three groups. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels remained unchanged in all groups. HDL level increased significantly in aerobic exercise and in green tea and aerobic exercise group, but remained unchanged in green tea. LDL level reduced only in green tea and aerobic exercise group with no changes in green tea. HDL:LDL changed significantly in green tea and aerobic exercise group. These findings suggest that green tea consumption alone for eight weeks at three cups per day can reduce central adiposity. However the combination of green tea consumption and aerobic exercise appears to elicit improvements in the lipid profile in addition to reducing central adiposity.

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Introduction: The adipose tissue produces and releases peptides that contributes to various processes in body, including insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of continuous aerobic training versus high intensity interval training on Resistin and insulin levels and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental research, twenty-four Wistar rats became diabetic in seven months. In next phase, after introducing the training environment, Wistar rats were randomly assigned into three equal groups of six each: control, continuous (20 minutes, 60% maximum speed) and intense interval (2 minutes of activity with 80% maximum speed, 2 minutes recovery with 30% maximum speed). The rats trained five times a week for eight weeks. Resistin gene expression and plasma insulin and glucose levels were measured before and after eight weeks. One-way ANOVA was carried out at P<0.05 for statistical analysis using SPSS software version16. Results: Regardless the type of training, differences between pre and post training results was statistically significant for insulin (P=0.024), glucose (P=0.037), insulin resistance (P=0.001) and Resistin (P=0.009). Interval training leads to the significant changes in all factors except the Resistin gene expression (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between changes in insulin resistance and Resistin gene expression (P=0.005, r=0.63). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that training is an effective factor in insulin resistance process and related factors in diabetes, and Resistin also play a role in this process, but it seems that regular training is more important factor than its type to change the Expression of Resistin.