Infeksi luka operasi (ILO) merupakan salah satu komplikasi pascabedah abdomen dan infeksi nosokomial yang sering terjadi pada pasien be dah. Survei oleh WHO menunjukkan 5%34% dari total infeksi nosokomial adalah ILO. Kata kunci: infeksi luka operasi, pascabedah abdomen, faktor risiko
Background Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the main causeof visual impairment in premature infants. Due to advances inneonatal care, the increased survival of extremely low birth weight(ELBW) infants in recent years has produced a population ofinfants at very high risk of ROP.Objective The aims of this study were to determine theprevalence and potential risk factors for ROP.Methods This retrospective study was conducted at theNeonatalogy Ward, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, fromJanuary 2005 to August 2010. We included all prematureinfants of gestational age (GA) < 37 weeks, body weight(BW) not exceeding 2000 grams, as well as those who hadeye examinations and complete medical records. Risk factorssuch as GA, BW, duration of oxygen (Oz) therapy, sepsis, andred blood cell (RBC) transfusion were analyzed using the Chisquare and logistic regression tests. Pediatric ophthalmologistshad performed eye examinations on all infants. ROP was gradedaccording to the International Classification of ROP.Results The prevalence of ROP and of stage 3 or greaterROP was 11.9% and 4.8% of all subjects, respectively. Bodyweight, GA, duration of Oz therapy, and sepsis were found tobe associated with the development ofROP. However, stepwiselogistic regression analysis revealed that only BW of:s 1000g [odds ratio (OR) 10.88; 95% CI 3.09 to 38.31; P < 0.000],02 therapy 2: 7 days (OR 5.56; 95% CI 1.86 to 16.58; P <0.0001), and GA of oS 28 weeks (OR 4.26; 95% CI 1.15 to15.81; P = 0.030) were statistically significant risk factors forROP. The equation obtained was y -4.092 + 2.388 (BW)+ 1.451 (GA) + 1.716 (duration of 02 therapy). The modelshowed good calibration (a nonsignificant HosmerLemeshowtest; P = 0.816) and discriminative ability. The area underthe curve (AUC) value was 92.2% (95% CI 0.867 to 0.976;P < 0.0001).Conclusion Prevalence ofROP in this study (11.9%) was lowerthan that of previous studies. By regression logistic analysis, themain risk factors for development ofROP were BW of:s 1000g, Oz therapy 2: 7 days, and GA :s 28 weeks. The probability ofROP occurrence increased v.ith greater number of risk factors.[Paediatr rndones. 2012;52:138-44].
Latar belakang. Penggunaan cairan yang tidak tepat sering menimbulkan peningkatan kejadian hiponatremia yang berhubungan erat dengan meningkatnya berbagai komplikasi, seperti edema otak, kejang, bahkan kematian.Tujuan. Mengetahui insiden hiponatremia pada anak pasca tindakan operasi mayor.Metode. Studi retrospektif potong lintang dilakukan terhadap anak usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun yang menjalani tindakan operasi mayor dan masuk ruang rawat intensif. Penelusuran status medik sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukan sampai jumlah sampel terpenuhi. Dicatat data subjek pre operasi, intra operasi, serta pemantauan pasca operasi. Definisi hiponatremia <135 mEq/L, diklasifikasikan sesuai derajat hiponatremia dan dilakukan pencarian lebih lanjut terhadap komplikasi.Hasil. Didapat 90 subjek, terdiri atas 56,7% laki-laki (51,1%) dan rentang usia 1 bulan hingga 17 tahun. Tindakan laparatomi dengan berbagai indikasi dijalani 47,8% subjek. Hampir semua subjek (9 3,3%) mendapat cairan hipotonik pasca operasi. Insiden hiponatremia pasca operasi 28,9%, 11,1% di antaranya hiponatremia sedang-berat. Rerata kadar natrium pasca operasi (130,1±4,1) mEq/L, rerata total cairan (79,8±27,4) mL/kg. Pada 30,9% subjek yang mendapatkan cairan hipotonik pasca operasi mengalami kejadian hiponatremia, rerata lama rawat 5,6±4 hari. Terdapat 1/26 subjek yang mengalami komplikasi berupa kejang dan edema otak.Kesimpulan. Insiden hiponatremia pasca tindakan operasi mayor di ruang rawat intensif hampir mencapai 30% dan sebagian besar mendapat cairan hipotonik pasca operasi. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian cairan pasca operasi yang tepat untuk mencegah hiponatremia.
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