Background:Evaluating outcome and identifying predictors of major complications among children undergoing cardiac surgery are essential to improve care. We evaluated short-term outcomes of postcardiac surgery and predictors of major complications in a national referral hospital in Indonesia.Methods:A prospective cohort study was conducted from April 2014 to March 2015 on all children undergoing cardiac surgery. Participants were followed up from the time of surgery until hospital discharge and 30-day mortality. We performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression using STATA 12-1 to identify predictors of postsurgical major complications.Results:A total of 257 patients (median age: 36 months) were recruited; 217 (84.1%) had complications, including low cardiac output syndrome (19.8%), arrhythmia (18.6%), sepsis (17.4%), and pleural effusion (14.8%). Forty-nine (19%) patients had major complications, including cardiac arrest (5%), need for emergency chest opening (3.9%), and multiple organ failure (7.4%). 12.8% died during hospital stay, and 30-day mortality was 13.6%. Predictors of major complications were cyanotic congenital heart disease (odds ratio [OR]: 4.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5–14.2), longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB, OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.5–13.4), high inotropes (OR: 13.1, 95% CI: 3.2–54.2), and increase in lactate >0.75 mmol/L/h or more in the first 24 h (OR: 37.1, 95% CI: 10.1–136.3).Conclusion:One-fifth of children undergoing cardiac surgery experienced major complications with around 13% mortality. Cyanotic congenital heart disease, longer duration of CPB, high inotropes on leaving operating theater, and increase in blood lactate are associated with major complications in children after cardiac surgery.

Background: Indonesia has a high number of COVID-19 cases and mortalities relative to not only among the Asia Pacific region but the world. Children were thought to be less affected by the virus compared to adults. Most of the public data reported combined data between adults and children. The Indonesian Pediatric Society (IPS) was involved in the COVID-19 response, especially in the area of child health. One of IPS's activities is collecting data registries from each of their chapters to provide a better understanding of COVID-19 in children.Objective: The objective of this study was to share the data of suspected and confirmed COVID-19 cases in children from IPS's COVID-19 data registry.Method: This is a retrospective study from the IPS's COVID-19 registry data. We collected the data of COVID-19 in children during March to December 2020 from each of the IPS chapters. We analyzed the prevalence, case fatality rate (CFR), age groups, diagnosis, and comorbidities of the children diagnosed with COVID-19.Result: As of December 21, 2020, there were 35,506 suspected cases of children with COVID-19. In total, there were 522 deaths, with a case fatality ratio (CFR) of 1.4. There were 37,706 confirmed cases with 175 fatalities (CFR 0.46). The highest mortality in confirmed COVID-19 cases was from children ages 10–18 years (42 out of 159 cases: 26%). The most common comorbidity and diagnosis found were malignancy (17.3%) and respiratory failure (54.5%).Conclusion: The CFR of confirmed COVID-19 cases in children in Indonesia is high and should be a major public concern.

Penggunaan inkubator untuk merawat bayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR) memerlukanbiaya yang tinggi. Akibat terbatasnya fasilitas inkubator, tidak jarang satu inkubatorditempati lebih dari satu bayi. Hal tersebut meningkatkan risiko tejadinya infeksinosokomial di rumah sakit. Metode kanguru (MK) ditemukan pada tahun 1983 olehdua orang ahli neonatologi dari Bogota, Colombia untuk mengatasi keterbatasanjumlah inkubator. Setelah dilakukan berbagai penelitian, ternyata MK tidak hanyasekedar menggantikan peran inkubator, namun juga memberi banyak keuntunganyang tidak bisa diberikan oleh inkubator. Metode kanguru mampu memenuhikebutuhan asasi BBLR dengan menyediakan situasi dan kondisi yang mirip denganrahim sehingga memberi peluang BBLR untuk beradaptasi dengan baik di dunia luar.Metode kanguru dapat meningkatkan hubungan emosi ibu-bayi, menstabilkan suhutubuh, laju denyut jantung dan pernapasan bayi, meningkatkan pertumbuhan danberat badan bayi dengan lebih baik, mengurangi stres pada ibu dan bayi, mengurangilama menangis pada bayi, memperbaiki keadaan emosi ibu dan bayi, meningkatkanproduksi ASI, menurunkan kejadian infeksi nosokomial, dan mempersingkat masarawat di rumah sakit. Mengingat berbagai kelebihannya, diperlukan upaya yang lebihstrategis untuk mempopulerkan metode yang sangat bermanfaat ini.

Background:The alternative device to close perimembranous ventricular septal defect (pmVSD) has been searched for better result, less complications and applicable for infants. However, the ideal device is still unavailable. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and outcome of transcatheter pmVSD closure using the KONAR-multi functional occluder (MFO).Methods: Clinical, procedural, follow-up data of pmVSD patients with symptom of heart failure or evidence of significant left to right shunt, growth failure, recurrent respiratory tract infection, and history of endocarditis who underwent transcatheter closure using the MFO were prospectively evaluated. Results:Between January 2016 and December 2017, there were complete records of 132 pmVSD children closed using MFO from eleven centers in Indonesia. The median of age was 4.5 (0.3-17.4) years; weight 14.8 (3.5-57) kg, defect size at the smallest part 3.4 (1.0-8.1) mm, flow ratio 1.6 (1.3-4.9), mean pulmonary artery pressure 18 (7-79) mmHg, fluoroscopy time 18 (3.8-91) and procedural time 75 (26-290) minutes. A retrograde approach was done in 41 (31%) patients. Procedures succeeded in first 2 Kuswiyanto et al.

AbstrakIkatan Dokter Anak Indonesia melalui Satuan Tugas Imunisasi mengeluarkan rekomendasi Imunisasi IDAI tahun 2017 untuk menggantikan jadwal imunisasi sebelumnya. Jadwal imunisasi 2017 ini bertujuan menyeragamkan jadwal imunisasi rekomendasi IDAI dengan jadwal imunisasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI khususnya untuk imunisasi rutin. Jadwal imunisasi 2017 juga dibuat berdasarkan ketersediaan kombinasi vaksin DTP dengan hepatitis B seperti DTPw-HB-Hib, DTPa-HB-Hib-IPV, dan dalam situasi keterbatasan atau kelangkaan vaksin tertentu seperti vaksin DTPa atau DTPw tanpa kombinasi dengan vaksin lainnya. Hal baru yang terdapat pada jadwal 2017 antara lain: vaksin hepatitis B monovalen tidak perlu diberikan pada usia 1 bulan apabila anak akan mendapat vaksin DTP-Hib kombinasi dengan hepatitis B; bayi paling sedikit harus mendapat satu dosis vaksin IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) bersamaan (simultan) dengan OPV-3 saat pemberian DTP-3; vaksin DTPw direkomendasikan untuk diberikan pada usia 2,3 dan 4 bulan. Hal baru yang lain adalah untuk vaksin influenza dapat diberikan vaksin inaktif trivalen atau quadrivalen, vaksin MMR dapat diberikan pada usia 12 bulan apabila anak belum mendapat vaksin campak pada usia 9 bulan. Vaksin HPV apabila diberikan pada remaja usia 10-13 tahun, pemberian cukup 2 dosis dengan interval 6-12 bulan; respons antibodi setara dengan 3 dosis. Vaksin Japanese Encephalitis direkomendasikan untuk diberikan mulai usia 12 bulan pada daerah endemis atau pada turis yang akan bepergian ke daerah endemis. Vaksin dengue direkomendasikan untuk diberikan pada anak usia 9-16 tahun dengan jadwal 0, 6, dan 12 bulan. Dengan pemberian imunisasi sesuai rekomendasi, diharapkan anak-anak Indonesia terlindungi dari penyakit infeksi yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi. Sari Pediatri 2017;18 (5) In the new recommendation, monovalent hepatitis B vaccine need not to be given in the first month of age if the infant will be given combination vaccine containing hepatitis B and DTP; infants should have at least one dose IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) simultaneously with bOPV-3 and DTP-3; DTwP is recommended to be administered at age of 2, 3 and 4 months. Influenza immunization could be given in the form of either trivalent or quadrivalent inactive influenza vaccine. MMR vaccine can be administered at age of 12 months if measles vaccine has not been given in age 9 months. Two doses of HPV vaccine is sufficient for female adolescents age 10-13 years; antibody respons after two doses is not inferior to the three dose regiment. Japanese Encephalitis vaccine is recommended to be given to infants aged 12 months who live in endemic area or for tourist traveling to endemic area. Dengue vaccine is recommended to children age 9-16 years with 0, 6 dan 12 month schedule. Timely immunization according to recommendation will protect Indonesian children from vaccine-preventable diseases. Sari Pediatri 2017;18(5):

Latar belakang. Penggunaan cairan yang tidak tepat sering menimbulkan peningkatan kejadian hiponatremia yang berhubungan erat dengan meningkatnya berbagai komplikasi, seperti edema otak, kejang, bahkan kematian.Tujuan. Mengetahui insiden hiponatremia pada anak pasca tindakan operasi mayor.Metode. Studi retrospektif potong lintang dilakukan terhadap anak usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun yang menjalani tindakan operasi mayor dan masuk ruang rawat intensif. Penelusuran status medik sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukan sampai jumlah sampel terpenuhi. Dicatat data subjek pre operasi, intra operasi, serta pemantauan pasca operasi. Definisi hiponatremia <135 mEq/L, diklasifikasikan sesuai derajat hiponatremia dan dilakukan pencarian lebih lanjut terhadap komplikasi.Hasil. Didapat 90 subjek, terdiri atas 56,7% laki-laki (51,1%) dan  rentang usia 1 bulan hingga 17 tahun. Tindakan laparatomi dengan berbagai indikasi dijalani 47,8% subjek. Hampir semua subjek (9 3,3%) mendapat cairan hipotonik pasca operasi. Insiden hiponatremia pasca operasi 28,9%, 11,1% di antaranya hiponatremia sedang-berat. Rerata kadar natrium pasca operasi (130,1±4,1) mEq/L, rerata total cairan (79,8±27,4) mL/kg. Pada 30,9% subjek yang mendapatkan cairan hipotonik pasca operasi mengalami kejadian hiponatremia, rerata lama rawat 5,6±4 hari. Terdapat 1/26 subjek yang mengalami komplikasi berupa kejang dan edema otak.Kesimpulan. Insiden hiponatremia pasca tindakan operasi mayor di ruang rawat intensif hampir mencapai 30% dan sebagian besar mendapat cairan hipotonik pasca operasi. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian cairan pasca operasi yang tepat untuk mencegah hiponatremia.

Background Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital heart disease most commonly occurring in premature infants. Spontaneous ductus arteriosus (DA) closure in premature infants has been suggested to be associated with duct lumen maturity and the DA sensitivity to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).Objective To assess for a possible correlation between serum PGE2 levels and PDA size in premature infants.Methods This observational study using repeated measurements on premature infants with PDA detected at days 2-3 of life was undertaken in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Fatmawati Hospital, Jakarta, from April to May 2014. The PDA was diagnosed using 2-D echocardiography and PGE2 levels were measured by immunoassay. Pearson’s correlation test was used to evaluate a possible correlation between PGE2 level and DA diameter.Results Thirty-three premature infants of median gestational age 31 (range 28-32) weeks and median birth weight 1,360 (range 1,000-1,500) grams were enrolled. Almost two-thirds of the subjects were male. Almost all (30/33) subjects had spontaneous DA closure before the age of 10 days. Subjects’ mean DA diameter was 2.9 (SD 0.5) mm with maximum flow velocity of 0.2 (SD 0.06) cm/sec, and left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (LA/Ao) of 1.5 (SD 0.2). Their mean PGE2 levels at the ages of 2-3, 5-7, and after 10 days were 5,238.6 (SD 1,225.2), 4,178.2 (SD 1,534.5), and 915.2 (SD 151.6) pg/mL, respectively. The PGE2 level at days 2-3 was significantly correlated with DA diameter (r = 0.667; P < 0.001), but not at days 5-7 (r = 0.292; P = 0.105) or at day 10 (r = 0.041; P = 0.941).Conclusion There is a strong, positive correlation between the PGE2 level and DA diameter in preterm infants at 2-3 days of age. However, there is no significant correlation between PGE2 level and persistence of PDA.

Definisi hipertensi pulmonal (HP) pada anak dan dewasa adalah sama, yaitu bila mean pulmonary arterialpressure 􀁲25 mmHg saat istirahat atau 􀁲30 mmHg saat aktivitas. Pada anak pascabedah koreksi penyakitjantung bawaan (PJB), HP berat merupakan komplikasi yang sangat dikhawatirkan, dengan angka kejadiansekitar 2%. Sildenafil telah digunakan secara luas pada pasien HP dewasa, baik sebagai terapi tunggalmaupun kombinasi. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian sildenafil pada anak denganHP pascabedah jantung koreksi. Kedua pasien dirujuk ke RS Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta (RSCM)dengan keluhan tampak biru, sesak terutama saat menetek, dan berat badan sulit naik. Saat itu keduapasien didiagnosis memiliki kelainan jantung bawaan berupa transposisi arteri besar (TGA), defek septumventrikel (VSD) dan HP. Operasi koreksi total (arterial switch dan penutupan VSD) dilakukan pada saatpasien pertama berusia 3 bulan 10 hari dan pasien kedua berusia 4 bulan 22 hari. Kedua pasien mendapatinhalasi nitric oxide (iNO), inhalasi iloprost, dikombinasikan dengan sildenafil oral, dengan dosis awal 0,5mg/kg berat badan (BB) per kali tiap 6 jam dengan pemantauan tekanan arteri berkala. Pasien pertamadipulangkan pada hari ke-23 pascabedah dan mendapat sildenafil oral dengan penurunan dosis bertahapdalam kurun waktu 6 bulan. Pasien kedua dipulangkan pada hari ke-12 pascabedah dan masih mendapatterapi sildenafil oral dengan dosis yang sama sampai hari ini. Pada kedua pasien tidak dilaporkan kejadianefek samping. Sebagai kesimpulan sildenafil efektif dalam memperbaiki hemodinamika pembuluh darahpulmonal dan bekerja secara sinergik dengan iNO. Sildenafil oral merupakan terobosan terapi yang menarikdan cukup efektif karena mudah pemberiannya dan memiliki efek samping minimal.