Aims To address the effect of a diet enriched in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on maternal metabolic parameters and placental proinflammatory markers in Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. Methods Pregnant women at 24‐28 weeks of gestation were enrolled: 33 GDM patients which were randomly assigned or not to the EVOO‐enriched group and 17 healthy controls. Metabolic parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PPARα protein expression, expression of microRNA (miR)‐130a and miR‐518d (which respectively target these PPAR isoforms) and levels of proinflammatory markers were evaluated in term placentas. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity was evaluated in term placentas and umbilical cord blood. Results GDM patients that received the EVOO‐enriched diet showed reduced pregnancy weight gain (GDM‐EVOO:10.3 ± 0.9, GDM:14.2 ± 1.4, P = .03) and reduced triglyceridemia (GDM‐EVOO:231 ± 14, GDM:292 ± 21, P = .02) compared to the non‐EVOO‐enriched GDM group. In GDM placentas, the EVOO‐enriched diet did not regulate PPARγ protein expression or miR‐130a expression, but prevented the reduced PPARα protein expression (P = .02 vs GDM) and the increased miR‐518d expression (P = .009 vs GDM). Increased proinflammatory markers (interleukin‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide overproduction) in GDM placentas were prevented by the EVOO‐enriched diet (respectively P = .001, P = .001 and P = .01 vs GDM). MMPs overactivity was prevented in placenta and umbilical cord blood in the EVOO‐enriched GDM group (MMP‐9: respectively P = .01 and P = .001 vs GDM). Conclusions A diet enriched in EVOO in GDM patients reduced maternal triglyceridemia and weight gain and has antiinflammatory properties in placenta and umbilical cord blood, possibly mediated by the regulation of PPAR pathways.

Mounting an appropriate ventilatory response to exercise is crucial to meeting metabolic demands during exercise and abnormal ventilatory responses may contribute to exercise-intolerance (EX-inT) in HF patients. We sought to determine if abnormal ventilatory chemoreflex control contributes to EX-inT in volume-overload HF rats. Cardiac function, hypercapnic (HCVR) and hypoxic (HVR) ventilatory responses and exercise tolerance were assessed at the end of a 6 weeks exercise training program. Exercise tolerant HF rats (HF+EX-T) completed all training sessions and benefit from exercise as evidenced by improvements in cardiac systolic function and reductions in HCVR, sympathetic tone and arrhythmias. Contrarily, HF rats that failed to complete training sessions (HF+EX-inT) showed no improvements in cardiac systolic function nor in HCVR, sympathetic tone, or arrhythmias but displayed a further compromise in cardiac diastolic function when compared to HF-sedentary rats. In addition, HF+EX-inT rats showed impaired HVR which was associated with increased arrhythmias susceptibility and mortality during hypoxic challenges (~60% survival). Finally, exercise tolerance was closely dependent on carotid body (CB) function since their selective ablation impaired exercise capacity in HF. Our results indicate that: i) exercise may have detrimental effects on cardiac function in HF-EX-inT, and ii) reduced CB chemoreflex contributes to EX-inT in HF.

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