Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. The laws that regulate relations between firms and workers in Mexico distinguish sharply between salaried and non-salaried workers, and they are at the root of the existence of informality. This paper provides a clear definition of informality, distinguishing it from illegality. Using Mexico's Economic Census, the paper shows that the majority of firms are informal but legal, that there are more small formal firms than large ones, and that some large firms are informal. It also shows that informality and illegality increased in the period [1998][1999][2000][2001][2002][2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008]. Using a simple model of monopolistic competition to measure the productivity losses due to distortions that misallocate resources, the paper finds that one peso of capital and labor allocated to formal and legal firms is worth 28 percent more than if allocated to illegal and informal firms, and 50 percent more than if allocated to legal and informal firms. The paper concludes arguing that the distortions in the labor market created by informality reduce total factor productivity. Terms of use: Documents in JEL classifications: D24, O47, L25
Aims To address the effect of a diet enriched in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on maternal metabolic parameters and placental proinflammatory markers in Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. Methods Pregnant women at 24‐28 weeks of gestation were enrolled: 33 GDM patients which were randomly assigned or not to the EVOO‐enriched group and 17 healthy controls. Metabolic parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PPARα protein expression, expression of microRNA (miR)‐130a and miR‐518d (which respectively target these PPAR isoforms) and levels of proinflammatory markers were evaluated in term placentas. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity was evaluated in term placentas and umbilical cord blood. Results GDM patients that received the EVOO‐enriched diet showed reduced pregnancy weight gain (GDM‐EVOO:10.3 ± 0.9, GDM:14.2 ± 1.4, P = .03) and reduced triglyceridemia (GDM‐EVOO:231 ± 14, GDM:292 ± 21, P = .02) compared to the non‐EVOO‐enriched GDM group. In GDM placentas, the EVOO‐enriched diet did not regulate PPARγ protein expression or miR‐130a expression, but prevented the reduced PPARα protein expression (P = .02 vs GDM) and the increased miR‐518d expression (P = .009 vs GDM). Increased proinflammatory markers (interleukin‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide overproduction) in GDM placentas were prevented by the EVOO‐enriched diet (respectively P = .001, P = .001 and P = .01 vs GDM). MMPs overactivity was prevented in placenta and umbilical cord blood in the EVOO‐enriched GDM group (MMP‐9: respectively P = .01 and P = .001 vs GDM). Conclusions A diet enriched in EVOO in GDM patients reduced maternal triglyceridemia and weight gain and has antiinflammatory properties in placenta and umbilical cord blood, possibly mediated by the regulation of PPAR pathways.
Marzo 2004.Resumen En este trabajo se investiga la incidencia del trabajo del estudiante en su desempeño académico. Para analizar la relación entre el tiempo dedicado al trabajo y el desempeño académico de los alumnos se utilizan datos del Primer Censo de estudiantes de universidades nacionales de 1994. Los resultados compatibilizan con los argumentos contrapuestos sobre esta relación. Por un lado, si se postula un modelo lineal, se encuentra que las horas trabajadas inciden negativamente sobre el rendimiento. Por otro lado, en una especificación no lineal, las horas trabajadas se asocian en forma positiva y decreciente. En otros términos, para un nivel moderado de horas trabajadas, la incidencia puede ser positiva. Si se consideran sólo los alumnos con trabajos vinculados a la carrera, también se encuentra una relación no lineal, donde la relación positiva se evidencia para un mayor nivel de horas trabajadas. En contraste, si se analiza sólo el grupo con trabajos no vinculados, la relación resulta negativa, cualquiera sea el nivel de horas trabajadas. La investigación provee fundamentos empíricos a la legislación universitaria sobre pasantías acerca de las condiciones del trabajo del estudiante que preserven su desempeño académico.Clasificación JEL: I21, I28, J31. Palabras clave: trabajo del estudiante, rendimiento académico, horas trabajadas * Quiero agradecer muy especialmente al Dr. Alberto Porto por toda su dedicación y guía en el proceso de este trabajo. También agradezco los valiosos comentarios del lector Leonardo Gasparini e interacciones en etapas previas con un grupo de trabajo sobre "Rendimiento de los Estudiantes Universitarios y sus Determinantes" integrado por
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