An extra virgin olive oil‐enriched diet improves maternal, placental, and cord blood parameters in GDM pregnancies

Abstract

Aims To address the effect of a diet enriched in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on maternal metabolic parameters and placental proinflammatory markers in Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients. Methods Pregnant women at 24‐28 weeks of gestation were enrolled: 33 GDM patients which were randomly assigned or not to the EVOO‐enriched group and 17 healthy controls. Metabolic parameters were determined. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PPARα protein expression, expression of microRNA (miR)‐130a and miR‐518d (which respectively target these PPAR isoforms) and levels of proinflammatory markers were evaluated in term placentas. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity was evaluated in term placentas and umbilical cord blood. Results GDM patients that received the EVOO‐enriched diet showed reduced pregnancy weight gain (GDM‐EVOO:10.3 ± 0.9, GDM:14.2 ± 1.4, P = .03) and reduced triglyceridemia (GDM‐EVOO:231 ± 14, GDM:292 ± 21, P = .02) compared to the non‐EVOO‐enriched GDM group. In GDM placentas, the EVOO‐enriched diet did not regulate PPARγ protein expression or miR‐130a expression, but prevented the reduced PPARα protein expression (P = .02 vs GDM) and the increased miR‐518d expression (P = .009 vs GDM). Increased proinflammatory markers (interleukin‐1β, tumour necrosis factor‐α and nitric oxide overproduction) in GDM placentas were prevented by the EVOO‐enriched diet (respectively P = .001, P = .001 and P = .01 vs GDM). MMPs overactivity was prevented in placenta and umbilical cord blood in the EVOO‐enriched GDM group (MMP‐9: respectively P = .01 and P = .001 vs GDM). Conclusions A diet enriched in EVOO in GDM patients reduced maternal triglyceridemia and weight gain and has antiinflammatory properties in placenta and umbilical cord blood, possibly mediated by the regulation of PPAR pathways.

The Impact of Lifestyle, Diet and Physical Activity on Epigenetic Changes in the Offspring—A Systematic Review

“…Among the 16 studies included, 5 studies were RCTs [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 26 ] and 11 studies were cohort studies [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. In total, 3617 mother–offspring pairs were included.…”

“…In total, 3617 mother–offspring pairs were included. Seven studies included participants from the USA [ 3 , 4 , 6 ], two from the United Kingdom (UK) [ 14 , 17 ], two from Ireland [ 18 , 19 ] and the rest of the studies included participants from China [ 24 ], Japan [ 16 ], Argentina [ 20 ], Denmark [ 21 ] and Scotland [ 13 ]. Two studies included data from the same RCT that investigated epigenetic changes at birth and at 5 years of age in offspring of mothers on a low glycemic index diet (Geraghty et al [ 19 ] and Geraghty et al [ 18 ], respectively).…”

“…Some of the included studies investigated a lifestyle with a combination of diet and physical activity, while others investigated either a specific diet or dietary components. Four studies investigated physical activity as the exposure variable [ 4 , 6 , 17 , 21 ], four studies investigated carbohydrate intake [ 12 , 14 , 16 , 22 ], four studies investigated glycemic index [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 24 ], two studies investigated sugar intake [ 12 , 23 ], two studies investigated Mediterranean diet [ 21 , 25 ], four studies investigated fat intake [ 12 , 17 , 22 , 27 ] and three studied other exposures (olive oil [ 20 ], unbalanced diet [ 13 ] and pro-inflammatory diet [ 3 ]). Most studies investigated epigenetic changes in the offspring at birth.…”

“…We identified no studies that investigated histone changes and only one that study investigated miRNA changes [ 20 ]. The remaining 15 studies investigated DNA methylation, of which 7 of the included studies used a genome-wide approach [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] measuring methylation at CpG sites or differentially methylated regions (DMRs), while eight studies investigated DNA methylation at specific genes [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 25 ].…”

“…The remaining 15 studies investigated DNA methylation, of which 7 of the included studies used a genome-wide approach [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] measuring methylation at CpG sites or differentially methylated regions (DMRs), while eight studies investigated DNA methylation at specific genes [ 3 , 4 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 25 ]. Seven studies used cord blood [ 3 , 6 , 14 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 25 ], five studies used placenta samples [ 12 , 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] and the rest of the studies used material from either saliva [ 18 ], umbilical cord (UC) tissue [ 16 ], blood spots [ 4 ] or peripheral blood [ 13 ].…”