The Augmented Reality (AR)‐based learning environment not only provides educators with novel ways to present learning materials but also give learners the opportunity to spontaneously interact with the material. Previous studies have shown that AR has many advantages in education; however, few focuses on the mechanisms behind promoting inquiry motivation, such as the effect of AR on learners’ self‐efficacy and conceptions of learning. This study developed an AR‐based wave‐particle duality learning application, “AROSE,” to explore the effect of AR technology on students’ self‐efficacy and conceptions of learning physics. A quasi‐experimental study method was used, and 98 high school students aged between 16 and 18 were randomly assigned to experimental and control group. After a 4‐week intervention, it was found that integrating AR technology into physics classrooms can (1) significantly enhance students’ physics learning self‐efficacy, as indicated by understanding of concepts, higher‐level cognitive skills, practice and communication; (2) guide students to be more inclined to higher‐level conceptions of learning physics rather than lower ones; and (3) stimulates students’ motivation to learn more deeply.

Most studies of Augmented Reality (AR) in education have considered students' learning outcomes and motivation. Previous studies have revealed that AR has the potential to help students learn abstract conceptions in mathematics. In this paper, a series of statistics and probability lessons using AR installed on tablets was designed and developed to examine the effect of the AR technology by comparing the conceptions and learning approaches of junior high school students with different levels of self-efficacy. A total of 101 students were divided into two groups based on their mathematics learning self-efficacy. The analysis of the results shows that AR applications in mathematics courses can help students with higher self-efficacy to pay closer attention to higher level conceptions. It can also help higher self-efficacy students to apply more advanced strategies when learning mathematics.

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IMPORTANCE Radiotherapy is a common treatment for rectal cancer, yet the risk of second gynecological malignant neoplasms (SGMNs) in patients with rectal cancer undergoing radiotherapy have not been adequately studied. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between radiotherapy and the risk of individual types of SGMN in patients with rectal cancer and assess survival outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A large population-based cohort study was designed to identify the risk of SGMNs in patients with rectal cancer diagnosed from January 1973 to December 2015. The statistical analysis was conducted from September 2019 to April 2020. The study was based on the 9 cancer registries of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. A total of 20 142 female patients with rectal cancer in localized and regional stage were included. EXPOSURE Receipt of neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The development of an SGMN defined as any type of GMN occurring more than 5 years after the diagnosis of rectal cancer. The cumulative incidence of SGMNs was estimated by Fine-Gray competing risk regression. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the radiotherapy-associated risk for SGMNs in patients undergoing radiotherapy vs patients not undergoing radiotherapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the survival outcomes of patients with SGMNs. RESULTS Of 20 142 patients, 16 802 patients (83.4%) were White and the median age was 65 years (interquartile range, 54-74 years). A total of 5310 (34.3%) patients were treated with surgery and radiotherapy, and 14 832 (65.7%) patients were treated with surgery alone. The cumulative incidence of SGMNs during 30 years of follow-up was 4.53% among patients who received radiotherapy and 1.53% among patients who did not. In competing risk regression analysis, undergoing radiotherapy was associated with a higher risk of developing cancer of the uterine corpus (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.06; 95% CI, 2.14-4.37; P < .001) and ovarian cancer (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.22-3.56; P = .007) compared with those who did not receive radiotherapy. The dynamic radiotherapyassociated risks (RR) for cancer of the uterine corpus significantly increased with increasing age at rectal cancer diagnosis (aged 20-49 years:

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Socioeconomic status (SES) has an impact on the survival of various cancers, but it has not been fully understood in colorectal cancer (CRC). The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database was adopted to detect the role of SES in the survival outcomes of CRC. A total of 184,322 eligible patients were included and SES status was analyzed. The multivariable analysis showed that Non-Hispanic Black (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.15–1.24), being widowed (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01–1.07), any Medicaid (HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.33–1.39) and the lowest education level group patients had relative poorer prognosis. Besides, sex, tumor location, age, differentiation level and American Joint Committee on Cancer stage also had significant effects on overall survival of CRC. The individuals were further divided into five groups according to the number of survival-adverse factors. All of the four groups containing adverse factors showed impaired survival outcomes compared with the group containing no adverse factor.

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