In Ethiopia, neonatal mortality has been declined since the declaration of Millennium Developmental Goals, but the rate was slower since 2006. Thus, this study was designed to assess the determinants of neonatal mortality (NM) in North Shoa Zone. A community based case-control study was conducted on 84 cases and 252 controls. Cases were deceased new-borns within 28 days of birth while controls were infants survived beyond the first 28 days. Data were collected from mothers of the cases and controls using interviewer administered questionnaires. Multivariate analysis was done to examine determinants of NM. Variables significantly associated with NM in bivariate analysis were selected for multivariate analysis. Neonates whose mothers not attended antenatal care (AOR: 3.47; 95%CI: 1.44–8.32), delivered at home (AOR: 2.86; 95%CI: 1.56–5.26), and not received postnatal care services (AOR: 3.09; 95%CI: 1.73–5.51) were more likely to die. The odds of neonatal death was higher among neonates not breastfed within the first hour of delivery than those who breastfed within the first hour of delivery (AOR: 23.48; 95%CI: 8.43–65.37). Likewise, no-colostrum intake was positively associated with neonatal death. Neonates born to mothers who not received or received a single dose of tetanus toxoid injection (TTI) were more likely to experience death than those neonates born to mothers who received two or more doses of TTI (AOR: 2.05; 95%CI: 1.14–3.70). Furthermore, being small in size at birth (AOR: 2.66; 95%CI: 1.33–5.33) and male in sex (AOR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.06–3.26) were risk factors for NM. In conclusion, neonatal mortality was significantly associated with factors that are modifiable through addressing the continuum-of-care approach in healthcare services in North Shoa. This implies that ensuring a continuity of health care services for maternal and new-borns from antenatal to postnatal care will improve neonatal survival.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a public health problem in developing as well as developed nations. DM leads to many complications that are associated with higher morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, the current study was planned to assess the prevalence and risk factors of type-2 DM in Ethiopian population. Six electronic databases such as: PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, Web of science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online were searched for studies published in English up December 30, 2020. Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment of the included studies. The data was extracted by Microsoft excel and analyzed through Stata version 16 software. The random effect meta-regression analysis was computed at 95% CI to assess the pooled prevalence and risk factors of type-2 DM. Forty observational studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of DM in Ethiopia was 6.5% (95% CI (5.8, 7.3)). The sub-group analysis revealed that the highest prevalence of DM was found in Dire Dawa city administration (14%), and the lowest prevalence was observed in Tigray region (2%). The pooled prevalence of DM was higher (8%) in studies conducted in health facility. Factors like: Age ≥ 40 years ((Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.91 (95% CI: 1.05, 3.49)), Illiterate (AOR: 2.74 (95% CI: 1.18, 6.34)), Cigarette smoking (AOR: 1.97 (95% CI: 1.17, 3.32)), Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 (AOR: 2.01 (95 CI: 1.46, 2.27)), family history of DM (AOR: 6.14 (95% CI: 2.80, 13.46)), history of hypertension (AOR: 3.00 (95% CI: 1.13, 7.95)) and physical inactivity (AOR: 5.79 (95% CI: 2.12, 15.77)) were significantly associated with type-2 DM in Ethiopian population. In this review, the prevalence of type-2 DM was high. Factors like: Older age, illiteracy, cigarette smoking, MBI ≥ 25, family history of DM, history of hypertension and physical inactivity were an identified risk factors of type-2 DM. Therefore, health education and promotion will be warranted. Further, large scale prospective studies will be recommended to address possible risk factors of type-2 DM in Ethiopian population.

ObjectiveThis health institution based cross section study was designed to determine factors associated with utilization of long term family planning methods among women reproductive age attending Bahir Dar health facilities.ResultA total of 406 women were interviewed in this study. The mean age (standard deviation) of the study participants was 26.96 ± 6.31. About 99% of the study participants were consisted from Amhara ethnic group and 60.6% of them urban dwellers. In this study about 90.9% of the study participants had information about LTFP methods and 26.4% of them utilizing the methods. Factors like; knowledge of the women towards LTFP, spousal discussion on FP and occupation of the women affects LTFP utilization (6 times, 3 times and 4 times, respectively) when compared with their counter parts. In addition monthly income of the household was also associated to LTFP methods. In this study less percentage (26.4%) of women’s utilizing LTFP methods that were significantly associated with the knowledge of women on LTFP, spousal discussion on FP, occupation of the women and monthly income of the household. As result continuous health education will be recommended.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-4031-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Introduction Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy is the second commonest causes of maternal death globally. Different public health studies were conducted on hypertensive disorder of pregnancy which presented inconsistent result. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis was commenced to summarize the findings conducted in several parts of the country and to generate the nationwide representative data on the prevalence and risk factors of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in Ethiopia. Methods and materials Electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Hinari, and African Journals Online were searched for studies published in English up to March, 2020. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies. The meta- regression analysis was computed at 95% CI to present the pooled prevalence and risk factors of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Results Thirty four studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and preeclampsia in Ethiopia were 6.82% (95% CI (5.90, 7.74)) and 4.74% (95% CI (3.99, 5.49)) respectively. Maternal age ≥35 years (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.91 (95% CI: 1.60, 5.26)), twin pregnancy (AOR: 3.04 (95% CI: 1.89, 4.87)), previous history of preeclampsia (AOR: 5.36 (95% CI: 3.37, 8.53)), family history of hypertension (AOR: 4.01 (95% CI: 2.65, 6.07)), family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR: 3.07 (95% CI: 1.66, 7.70)), body mass index ≥25 (AOR: 3.92 (95% CI: 1.82, 8.42)), alcohol consumption (AOR: 1.77 (95% CI: 1.11, 2.83)), urinary tract infection (AOR: 4.57 (95% CI: 3.47, 6.02)), lack of nutritional counseling during antenatal period (AOR: 4.87 (95% CI: 3.36, 7.06)), lack of fruits (AOR: 3.49 (95% CI: 2.29, 5.30)), and vegetables consumption (AOR: 2.94 (95% CI: 2.01, 4.31)) were the risk factors of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in Ethiopia. Conclusions The pooled prevalence of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy is relatively higher compared with the previous reports. Maternal age ≥35 years, twin pregnancy, previous history of preeclampsia, family history of hypertension, family history of diabetes mellitus, body mass index ≥25, alcohol consumption, urinary tract infection, lack of fruits and vegetables during pregnancy were risk factors of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. The governments and stakeholders should work to strengthen the antenatal care practice to include the possible risk factors of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Introduction Some studies have reported the association between maternal serum lipid profile abnormalities and pre-eclampsia. However, many studies have reported controversial results. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis was planned to generate summarized evidence on the association between maternal serum lipid profiles and pre-eclampsia in African women. Methods Four electronic databases such as; PubMed, Hinari, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online were searched for studies published in English. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies. The meta- regression analysis was performed by Stata 14 software. The standardized mean difference (SMD) values of lipid profiles were computed to assess their association with pre-eclampsia at 95% CI. Results In this review a total of 15 observational studies were included. The mean values of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-c) and very low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (VLDL-c) were significantly higher in pre-eclamptic women as compared with normotensive pregnant women (TG = 229.61±88.27 and 147.00 ± 40.47, TC = 221.46 ± 45.90 and 189.67 ± 39.18, LDL = 133.92 ± 38.77 and 112.41 ± 36.08, VLDL = 41.44 ± 19.68 and 26.64 ± 7.87), respectively. The serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level was lower, but it is not statistically significant (HDL-c = 51.02 ± 16.01 and 61.80 ± 25.63) in pre-eclamptic women as compared with controls. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of TG, TC, LDL-C and VLDL-C were significantly increased in pre-eclamptic women as compared with normotensive pregnant women with the SMD of (TG = 1.65 (1.10, 2.21), TC = 0.84 (0.40, 1.29), LDL-C = 0.95 (0.46, 1.45) and VLDL-C = 1.27 (0.72, 1.81)) at 95% CI, respectively, but the pooled SMD of HDL-cholesterol was decreased in pre-eclamptic women as compared with normotensive pregnant women (SMD = -0.91 (95% CI: -1.43, -0.39). Conclusions In this review, the maternal serum levels of TG, TC, LDL-c and VLDL-c were significantly associated with the risk of preeclampsia. However, HDL- cholesterol was not significantly associated but it was lower in pre-eclamptic women. Further, large scale prospective studies should verify these outcomes and it is recommended that lipid profiles should be included as a routine diagnostic test for pre-eclamptic women.

Background: A number of epidemiological studies were performed to know the prevalence of and the risk factors for hypertension. However, these studies reported inconsistent results. As a result, this systematic review and meta-analysis were planned to generate representative data on the prevalence of and risk factors for hypertension among the Ethiopian adult population.

ObjectiveHAART had significantly improved the quality of life of HIV patients. However, it results different adverse effects such as: hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, lipodystrophy, anemia, diarrhea, psychiatric disorder and others. Therefore, this comparative cross sectional study was designed to investigate liver enzyme elevation in patients taking HAART compared with treatment naïve controls at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital.ResultA total of 152 individuals (76 cases and 76 controls) were included in this study. The mean ages of treatment and control groups were 37.37 and 36.38 respectively. The mean values of liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) while, total protein and creatinine were significantly lower in patients taking HAART compared with treatment naïve controls. In this study, about 19 (25%) of clients in HAART treated groups and 7 (9.2%) of treatment naïve controls had showed liver enzyme changes. Moreover, 23.7% and 1.3% of the HAART treated groups developed mild and moderate liver enzyme elevation or hepatotoxicity, respectively. In this study, significant difference was observed in liver enzyme elevation between ART and pre-ART patients. As a result, regular clinical and laboratory monitoring of liver function will be necessary to prevent severe form of liver injury.

Some studies have reported the association between maternal serum zinc (Zn) levels and pre-eclampsia. However, many studies have reported controversial results. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis was planned to generate summarized evidence on the association between maternal serum Zn levels and pre-eclampsia in African women. Four electronic databases such as PubMed, Hinari, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online were searched for studies published in English. Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument, and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used for data extraction and quality assessment of the included studies. The meta-regression analysis was performed by the Stata 14 software. The standardized mean difference (SMD) values of lipid profiles were computed to assess their association with pre-eclampsia at 95% CI. A total of 12 observational studies were included. The mean values of serum Zn level were significantly lower in pre-eclamptic women as compared with normotensive pregnant women (Zn = 59.40 ± 22.80 μg/dL and 80.24 ± 16.04 μg/dL), respectively. The pooled SMD of Zn was significantly reduced in pre-eclamptic women as compared with normotensive pregnant women with the SMD of −1.45 (95% CI −2.26, −0.65) at 95% CI. In this review, we found that the maternal Zn serum level was significantly reduced in pre-eclamptic women than normotensive pregnant women. This suggests that Zn could be involved in the etio-pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. However, the specific functions of Zn in pre-eclampsia pathogenesis should be proved in large-scale clinical trial studies.