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Background: Potassium bromate (KBrO 3 ) causes toxicity in humans and experimental animals. The wide exposure to KBrO 3 in water disinfection and as a food additive necessitates finding of available antidotes for its hazards as taurine and/or vanillin. Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of taurine and/or vanillin against potassium bromate toxicity on renal, testicular, and hematological parameters in adult male albino rats. Methods: For this purpose, 30 rats were divided as follows: control group, rats were fed balanced diet and served as normal control; group 2, rats were fed balanced diet and served as positive control; group 3, rats were fed balanced diet supplemented with taurine (100 mg/kg diet); group4, rats were fed balanced diet supplemented with vanillin (100 mg/kg diet); and group5, rats were fed balanced diet supplemented with taurine and vanillin at the same tested dose for 3 weeks. Groups from 2 to 5 were orally administered a single dose of KBrO 3 (100 mg/kg diet) then sacrificed after 48 h. Results: Results showed that KBrO 3 administration induces testicular damage reflected in a significant decrease in total protein, glycogen, sialic acid with a significant increase in MDA level in testicular tissue. Also, there was a significant decrease in total spermatic count accompanied by an increase in the total number of malformed sperms (head, tail, and head and tail) in the pot bromate intoxicated group. Also, KBrO 3 toxicity induce renal damage manifested in a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and xanthine oxidase activity. Renal TNF-α, IL-6, Hcy, and MDA significantly increased in the pot-bromate intoxicated group. Finally, hematological results showed a significant decrease in Hb%, MCV, RBCs, and WBCs count in the pot-bromate intoxicated group as compared to normal control groups. Histological findings showed that impaired renal and testicular histology was concomitant with biochemical parameters. Conclusion: Treatment with taurine and/or vanillin showed a significant ameliorative effect against deleterious effects of pot bromate toxicity on hematological parameters, renal and testicular tissues. Moreover, the recorded improvement of the studied parameters in rats pretreated with taurine and vanillin as antioxidants proves their synergistic effect.

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Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is used as monomer in polycarbonate synthesis, and it acts as plasticizer in baby and water bottles and the production of epoxy resins which are used as inner coatings of many food and beverage cans. This study was carried out to evaluate the possible modulatory effect of dry orange peels powder (OPP) to attenuate the toxic effects of BPA on liver and spleen in rats. Method Sixty male Spargue–Dawley rats weighing 130 ± 10 g were randomly divided into six groups (n = 10 for each group). Group 1: negative control, fed on balanced diet and received corn oil. Group 2: positive control, fed on balanced diet, received BPA (350 mg/kg b.w. per orally; p.o twice weekly) suspended in corn oil. Groups from 3 to 6 fed on balanced diet supplemented with OPP in the tested doses of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 g/Kg diet respectively, and received BPA (350 mg/kg b.w. twice weekly). Results There was a significant increase in liver sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 gene expression (SREBF1), serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, nitric oxide (NO), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TAGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-c), interluken-4 (IL-4), immunoglobulin-E (IgE)levels, and total leukocytes count (TLC) in BPA group as compared to negative control group (P < 0.05).On the other hand, BPA caused a significant decrease in liver catalase activity, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), serum immunoglobulin-M (IgM) levels, blood hemoglobin% (Hb), and red blood cell (RBCs) counts compared to the negative control group (P < 0.05). Also, the histopathological examination of liver and spleen sections supported biochemical parameters showed a significant destruction in the BPA group as compared to the negative control group. Conclusion It is observed that OPP dietary supplementation in the tested doses ameliorates deleterious effects induced by BPA. The improvement in these altered parameters in OPP supplemented groups was in a dose-dependent manner.

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The current study was undertaken to investigate the hepatoprotective potential of nanostructured oligochitosan (NOC) against the synergistic toxic effects of -irradiation exposure and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication in male rats. Adult male rats were allocated into eight groups; control, NOC-administered, -irradiated, CCl4-intoxicated, NOC-pretreated -irradiated, NOC-pretreated CCl4-intoxicated, -irradiated and CCl4-intoxicated, NOC-pretreated CCl4-intoxicated and -irradiated. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrated that the oligochitosan prepared by exposure to gamma irradiation was in the range of nanoparticles. A synergistic hepatotoxic effect was demonstrated following the exposure of rats to -irradiation and CCl4 intoxication, along with the induction of oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. NOC was able to protect the hepatocytes from the combined toxic insults through suppressing lipid and protein oxidations, maintaining hepatic functions, downregulating the expression of some inflammatory genes, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), as well as enhancing the expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl2 gene and suppressing the proapoptotic Bax gene expression. Histological findings of liver tissues verified the biochemical and molecular data. The study clarified some of the molecular mechanisms by which NOC protects the liver against the synergistic toxic effect of -irradiation and CCl4.

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Finding new uses for wastes of table olive and olive oil production are of great value to the economy, environment, and human health. This study was designed to investigate the possible modulatory effect of nano or native olive seeds powder (OSP) against endothelial dysfunction induced by high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet in rats. For the current work, 60 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 120g±5g were divided into six groups 10 rats for each group. Group 1: rats were fed a balanced diet and served as normal control. Group 2: rats were fed HFHF diet served as positive control rats diet for 8 weeks. Group 3: rats were fed HFHF diet supplemented with 5% olive seeds powder. Group 4: rats were fed HFHF diet supplemented with10% olive seeds powder. Group 5: rats were fed HFHF diet supplemented with 5% nano olive seeds. Group 6: rats were fed HFHF diet supplemented with 10% nano olive seeds. Results of phytochemical analysis of (OSP) showed that each 100g of OSP contains 1004.9 mg total polyphenols as gallic acid equivalent (GAE%) and 24 mg total flavonoids as quercetin equivalent (QE%). Results of the biochemical analysis indicated that feeding HFHFdiet caused a significant increment in serum glucose, insulin level, calculated HOMA-IR, lipids profile total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TAGs), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), lipase enzyme activity with a significant decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as compared to control group. Also, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), Endothelin (ET-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin were significantly increased in HFHF fed rats as compared to the control group. Whereas, serum nitric oxide, prostacyclin, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNos) activity were significantly decreased in HFHF fed rats as compared to the control group. These results suggesting that feeding rats HFHF diet for 8 weeks induced endothelial dysfunction. Also, the histopathological examination of aorta sections supported results of biochemical analysis showed significant swelling and corrugation of the endothelial cells that lining the intima in the untreated HFHF group as compared to the control group. Results confirmed that dietary supplementation with olive seed powder either in native or in nano form at the tested doses reversed both alterations biochemical parameters and pathological changes in aorta tissue. Moreover, Nano form showed a more powerful effect than native powder.