Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore enablers and constraints in value co-creation in sponsored online communities, and to identify firm roles in shaping value co-creation. The structured analysis is translated into strategies for practitioners and for guiding future research. Design/methodology/approach The authors systematically review and synthesise the literature to develop a comprehensive model of value co-creation. Findings The literature review findings have led to the identification of four actors in sponsored online communities, revealed enablers and constraints for value co-creation in online communities, and provided insight into the simultaneous roles of sponsoring firm (co-creator and facilitator) and the interrelationship between them. Research limitations/implications Like other systematic literature review studies, the findings are limited by what was reported in the papers selected for the review. The authors contribute to service-dominant logic (SDL) by bridging the macro level to the empirical level, and add to our understanding of the sociomateriality theory by capturing constraints and enablers coming from various actors. Practical implications The extracted enablers and constraints guide decision makers to better design, asses, monitor and support sponsored online communities. The findings also inform how to orchestrate the two sponsoring firm roles so that the online community is still attractive for the members and creates value for the sponsoring firm. Originality/value Given the variety of disciplines dealing with value co-creation, and given the plenitude of definitions and related concepts, this study consolidates the existing knowledge and models how value is co-created in online communities.

Thin films of ZnS:Mn (800 nm) have been deposited by rf magnetron sputtering onto 100 mm diam n-type single-crystal (100) Si wafers. Specifically for use as active layers in thin film electroluminescent devices, the films need a postdeposition annealing treatment to enhance their luminescent properties. Inherent to the later process step are structural modifications of the phosphor layer which form the basis of this study. Both pulsed laser and thermal postannealing techniques have been investigated. Reported are the induced crystalline and surface morphology modifications via x-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy analysis. As-grown and thermally treated films were cubic in nature and no significant grain growth or reorientation occurred while heating up to 700 °C. Pulsed (∼ 20 ns duration) KrF laser treated samples were annealed at power densities from 10.76 to 24.27 MW/cm2 under 10.34 bar of argon pressure. Beam quality and diagnostics were emphasized during laser irradiation with particular attention brought to energy and pulse duration measurements. It has been demonstrated that at the power densities used, a gradual phase transition from cubic to hexagonal is occurring while the average crystallite size remains constant. Surface analysis highlights concomitance between the phase transition and the smoothening of the irradiated surface. A one dimensional thermal model of the pulsed laser annealing process shows that a surface temperature for crystalline ZnS equating to the transition temperature should be reached at 17 MW/cm2, significantly below the numerically evaluated melting threshold of 30.5 MW/cm2. Combining experimental and theoretical results, it is concluded that the phase transition occurs in the solid state.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the relationship between the concept of the learning organization and that of the co-creation of value. Design/methodology/approach The paper is conceptual in nature and draws on data from a case study of a small highly innovative Australian company. Findings The authors show that, from a value co-creation perspective, the learning organization can be viewed as an open, collaborative, social/economic actor engaged in social/economic activities with other interdependent actors (organizations or stakeholders) in a network or ecosystem of actors to serve its mission/purpose and the well-being of the ecosystem. Research limitations/implications As a conceptual paper, the authors rely primarily on previous research as the basis for the argument. The implications of the findings are that, as value co-creation practices are founded upon the generation and leveraging of specific intangible capital resources, more research located in alternative research paradigms is required. Practical implications There are important implications for organizational leadership in that the practices that underpin value co-creation require the leadership to be able to work constructively with multiple forms of systemic and agentic power. Social implications In increasingly turbulent and hyper-competitive global operational contexts, sustainable value creation is becoming recognized as a collective achievement within a broad eco-system of collaborators. This has implications for the relational capabilities of all collaborators. Originality/value The authors introduce a new perspective on the role of power management in the facilitation of the co-creation of value. Arguing that value creation is becoming recognized as a “collective achievement”, they focus on the collaborative practices that enable such an achievement.

Pulsed KrF (248 nm) laser annealing was investigated as a post-deposition process for RF sputtered ZnS:Mn phosphor layers used in laterally emitting thin film electroluminescent (LETFEL) displays. LETFEL devices consist of a phosphor layer sandwiched between two insulating thin films (Y 2 O 3 ), grown onto silicon substrates patterned with micro-mirrors (SiO 2 ). The micro mirror structure permits surface viewing by reflecting laterally emitted light due to internal waveguiding effects. Laser irradiation of the uncoated phosphor layer was performed using KrF excimer 248nm laser pulses of 20 ns under an argon overpressure of 10.34 bars to limit laser ablation. The influence of the laser irradiation fluence on the LETFEL performance was investigated from 0.3 to 1.5 J/cm 2 . Reported are the brightness-voltage characteristics of laser annealed, non-annealed and thermally annealed devices at 500°C for ~1h. It is shown that the onset for light emission (threshold voltage) decreases with laser annealing. Using this novel method of annealing the brightness of LETFEL devices is observed to increase with increasing laser fluence.

Thin polycrystalline electroluminescent thin films ͑TFEL͒ of ZnS:Mn ͑phosphor͒ and Y 2 O 3 ͑insulator͒ were deposited individually or as multilayers onto Si ͑100͒ substrates. Their crystallinity and the luminescent efficiency of the phosphor films were investigated at varying thermal annealing temperatures. It is shown that the luminescent quality of the phosphor layer increases up to 700°C, whereas the electroluminescence operating intensity of TFEL devices saturates at 500°C. The structural analysis of the insulating and phosphor layers shows that they recrystallize at annealing temperatures of, respectively, 500 and 600°C, and that their lattice misfit doubles at processing temperaturesϾϭ500°C. Since TFEL devices should benefit from enhanced luminescence efficiency and crystallinity at high annealing temperatures, we suggest that the lack of improvement in device performance beyond 500°C is due to interface alterations. According to previous works, we propose that the lattice misfit increase between the phosphor and dielectric thin films modifies the morphology of the phosphor-insulator boundary inducing a modification of the interface states density, and hence, modifying high field electron transport properties of TFEL devices.

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