The purpose of this study was to assess the role of cardiovascular fitness and emotional state in heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise. Fifty recreationally active subjects (male n=19, females n= 31) completed the study. Height, weight, body composition, and waist circumference were measured, with current emotional state assessed through completion of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, followed by the Queen's College Step Test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). Heart rate recovery was determined by the difference between assessments of peak heart rate during exercise and 1 minute postexercise. Heart rate recovery was correlated with VO2 max, body composition, body mass index, waist circumference, resting heart rate, peak heart rate and the assessed mood states. A moderate negative correlation was found between heart rate recovery and resting heart rate (r = -.307, p = .032) and was the only variable to show significance. The results of this study disagree with previous literature as only one physiologic variable had a significant relationship with heart rate recovery. This may be because the participants recruited for this study were of at least average fitness and there were no significant signs of psychological stress in study participants at the time of testing.
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of three different warm-up condi-tions on a 5K cycling time trial (TT).Sixteen trained cyclists completed the study. At the first testing session, participants completed a maximal graded exercise test to assess maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) and a familiarization of the TT. At three subse-quent visits, the participants completed the TT after no warm up, short warm-up of three minutes at 60% VO 2 max, or long warm-up of ten minutes at 60% VO 2 max. The warm-up was assigned in randomized order. VO 2 , heart rate (HR), lactate, power, and speed were assessed after the warm-up, 1K, and completion of the 5K TT. There was no dif-ference between type of warm-up for time, power, cadence, speed, VO 2 , HR, or lactate levels at the end of the TT. There was no significant difference between type of warm-up for time, VO 2 or HR at the end of the 1K split. Warm-up length was not impactful on 5K TT performance or during the first km of the TT in trained cyclists. These results con-flict with previous evidence indicating that a warm-up in endurance events primarily improved VO 2 kinetics at the onset of the exercise.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in heart rate recovery (HRr) in trained and untrained adults, while assessing the role of physiological and emotional factors. Eighteen untrained and 21 trained participants completed a maximal exercise test and a 20-min treadmill exercise at 55-70% heart rate reserve, and emotional state was assessed prior to exercise. Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between heart rate recovery and physiological and emotional assessments. The trained group had a higher relative maximal oxygen consumption (p < 0.001), lower resting heart rate (p < 0.001), and faster short-and long-term heart rate recovery (p < 0.05) than the untrained group. Resting heart rate was the most predictive measure with HRr for the trained group (R = 0.551-0.818), whereas resting heart rate, maximal heart rate, and fitness were predictors of recovery in the untrained group (R = 0.764-0.977). The results show the predominant parasympathetic influence on HRr in the trained group, but indicates influence of fitness and exercise intensity on recovery in the untrained group. Thus, fitness appears to influence HRr in those only with low fitness. This notion may help influence the behavior of untrained individuals to improve fitness to reduce risk of mortality and morbidity.
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