Eccentric and blood flow restriction exercises in women induce hypertrophy

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Size, Power, and V̇O2max in Active Adults

“…Although CSA increased in both groups in the present study, there was no change over time for thigh circumference. This contradicts previous literature showing increased muscle circumference with BFR in the upper and lower extremity (5,9,13). Interestingly, Credeur et al (5) used the contralateral upper extremity of each participant as the control and showed increases in both arms.…”

“…The isovolumetric design of interventions between groups provided enough stimulus in the low load with BFR training group to match the high load without BFR group. Further, Giles et al (2) and Segal et al (11) included clinical populations, whereas the present study and Wells et al (13) included only healthy individuals. Collectively, the studies show increased CSA with BFR in healthy and movement-limited populations, regardless of sex.…”

“…This study demonstrated consistently higher RPE values from control participants compared with the BFR participants. Wells et al (13) reported an overall decrease in RPE for both groups, and Abe et al (24) reported higher RPE in the BFR group, but neither reported an increase in exercise load over the duration of training. The positive results seen in the present study for the BFR group suggest that low-load BFR training can achieve desirable results with less perceived exertion.…”

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Size, Power, and V̇O2max in Active Adults

“…Although CSA increased in both groups in the present study, there was no change over time for thigh circumference. This contradicts previous literature showing increased muscle circumference with BFR in the upper and lower extremity (5,9,13). Interestingly, Credeur et al (5) used the contralateral upper extremity of each participant as the control and showed increases in both arms.…”

“…The isovolumetric design of interventions between groups provided enough stimulus in the low load with BFR training group to match the high load without BFR group. Further, Giles et al (2) and Segal et al (11) included clinical populations, whereas the present study and Wells et al (13) included only healthy individuals. Collectively, the studies show increased CSA with BFR in healthy and movement-limited populations, regardless of sex.…”

“…This study demonstrated consistently higher RPE values from control participants compared with the BFR participants. Wells et al (13) reported an overall decrease in RPE for both groups, and Abe et al (24) reported higher RPE in the BFR group, but neither reported an increase in exercise load over the duration of training. The positive results seen in the present study for the BFR group suggest that low-load BFR training can achieve desirable results with less perceived exertion.…”

Effects of upper extremity blood flow restriction training on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 11 RCTs ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Alves et al, 2021 ; Lowery et al, 2014 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Hill et al, 2020 ; Yasuda et al, 2015a ; Yasuda et al, 2015b ; Su et al, 2023 ; Linero and Choi, 2021 ; Wells et al, 2019 ; Kara et al, 2024 ) published between 2014-2024 were included, 6 from Asia, 3 from North America, both from South America and Australia were 1. We included a total of 220 participants, of whom 97 were male, 109 were female and 14 were of unknown gender.…”

“…Low certainty evidence from 5 articles ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Alves et al, 2021 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Linero and Choi, 2021 ; Wells et al, 2019 ) (7 comparisons; n = 115) suggested that LL-BFRT and HLRT were not statistically significant for increases in upper extremity muscle strength (SMD: −0.35; 95%CI: −0.73 to 0.03; p : 0.07; I 2 : 2%) ( Table 2 ; Figure 4 ). Moderate certainty evidence from 4 articles ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Lowery et al, 2014 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Wells et al, 2019 ) (6 comparisons; n = 118) indicated that LL-BFRT and HLRT were not statistically significant for increases in upper extremity muscle hypertrophy (SMD: −0.36; 95%CI: −0.73 to 0.01; p : 0.05; I 2 : 0%) ( Table 2 ; Figure 5 ). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses showed that a single trial did not affect the significance of the overall changes in upper muscle strength and hypertrophy.…”

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Size, Power, and V̇O2max in Active Adults

“…Although CSA increased in both groups in the present study, there was no change over time for thigh circumference. This contradicts previous literature showing increased muscle circumference with BFR in the upper and lower extremity (5,9,13). Interestingly, Credeur et al (5) used the contralateral upper extremity of each participant as the control and showed increases in both arms.…”

“…The isovolumetric design of interventions between groups provided enough stimulus in the low load with BFR training group to match the high load without BFR group. Further, Giles et al (2) and Segal et al (11) included clinical populations, whereas the present study and Wells et al (13) included only healthy individuals. Collectively, the studies show increased CSA with BFR in healthy and movement-limited populations, regardless of sex.…”

“…This study demonstrated consistently higher RPE values from control participants compared with the BFR participants. Wells et al (13) reported an overall decrease in RPE for both groups, and Abe et al (24) reported higher RPE in the BFR group, but neither reported an increase in exercise load over the duration of training. The positive results seen in the present study for the BFR group suggest that low-load BFR training can achieve desirable results with less perceived exertion.…”

Effects of upper extremity blood flow restriction training on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 11 RCTs ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Alves et al, 2021 ; Lowery et al, 2014 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Hill et al, 2020 ; Yasuda et al, 2015a ; Yasuda et al, 2015b ; Su et al, 2023 ; Linero and Choi, 2021 ; Wells et al, 2019 ; Kara et al, 2024 ) published between 2014-2024 were included, 6 from Asia, 3 from North America, both from South America and Australia were 1. We included a total of 220 participants, of whom 97 were male, 109 were female and 14 were of unknown gender.…”

“…Low certainty evidence from 5 articles ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Alves et al, 2021 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Linero and Choi, 2021 ; Wells et al, 2019 ) (7 comparisons; n = 115) suggested that LL-BFRT and HLRT were not statistically significant for increases in upper extremity muscle strength (SMD: −0.35; 95%CI: −0.73 to 0.03; p : 0.07; I 2 : 2%) ( Table 2 ; Figure 4 ). Moderate certainty evidence from 4 articles ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Lowery et al, 2014 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Wells et al, 2019 ) (6 comparisons; n = 118) indicated that LL-BFRT and HLRT were not statistically significant for increases in upper extremity muscle hypertrophy (SMD: −0.36; 95%CI: −0.73 to 0.01; p : 0.05; I 2 : 0%) ( Table 2 ; Figure 5 ). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses showed that a single trial did not affect the significance of the overall changes in upper muscle strength and hypertrophy.…”

Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Size, Power, and V̇O2max in Active Adults

“…Although CSA increased in both groups in the present study, there was no change over time for thigh circumference. This contradicts previous literature showing increased muscle circumference with BFR in the upper and lower extremity (5,9,13). Interestingly, Credeur et al (5) used the contralateral upper extremity of each participant as the control and showed increases in both arms.…”

“…The isovolumetric design of interventions between groups provided enough stimulus in the low load with BFR training group to match the high load without BFR group. Further, Giles et al (2) and Segal et al (11) included clinical populations, whereas the present study and Wells et al (13) included only healthy individuals. Collectively, the studies show increased CSA with BFR in healthy and movement-limited populations, regardless of sex.…”

“…This study demonstrated consistently higher RPE values from control participants compared with the BFR participants. Wells et al (13) reported an overall decrease in RPE for both groups, and Abe et al (24) reported higher RPE in the BFR group, but neither reported an increase in exercise load over the duration of training. The positive results seen in the present study for the BFR group suggest that low-load BFR training can achieve desirable results with less perceived exertion.…”

Effects of upper extremity blood flow restriction training on muscle strength and hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…A total of 11 RCTs ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Alves et al, 2021 ; Lowery et al, 2014 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Hill et al, 2020 ; Yasuda et al, 2015a ; Yasuda et al, 2015b ; Su et al, 2023 ; Linero and Choi, 2021 ; Wells et al, 2019 ; Kara et al, 2024 ) published between 2014-2024 were included, 6 from Asia, 3 from North America, both from South America and Australia were 1. We included a total of 220 participants, of whom 97 were male, 109 were female and 14 were of unknown gender.…”

“…Low certainty evidence from 5 articles ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Alves et al, 2021 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Linero and Choi, 2021 ; Wells et al, 2019 ) (7 comparisons; n = 115) suggested that LL-BFRT and HLRT were not statistically significant for increases in upper extremity muscle strength (SMD: −0.35; 95%CI: −0.73 to 0.03; p : 0.07; I 2 : 2%) ( Table 2 ; Figure 4 ). Moderate certainty evidence from 4 articles ( Yasuda et al, 2011b ; Lowery et al, 2014 ; Brandner et al, 2019 ; Wells et al, 2019 ) (6 comparisons; n = 118) indicated that LL-BFRT and HLRT were not statistically significant for increases in upper extremity muscle hypertrophy (SMD: −0.36; 95%CI: −0.73 to 0.01; p : 0.05; I 2 : 0%) ( Table 2 ; Figure 5 ). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses showed that a single trial did not affect the significance of the overall changes in upper muscle strength and hypertrophy.…”