-The objective of this experiment was to evaluate responses of soybean cultivars seeds (with different levels of lignin) considering harvest postponement under the incidence of water and the effect of storage. The experiment was conducted in Iraí de Minas, Brazil using a randomized block design with three replications under a 5 x 3 x 3 factorial arrangement, with five soybean cultivars (NK 7059 RR, SYN 1163 RR, SYN 9070 RR, AS 7307 RR and SYN 1283 RR), three harvesting periods (R8, R8 + one rain simulation in the pre-harvesting period and R8 + two simulations in the pre-harvesting period) under three storage times (0, 90 and 180 days). Seeds were evaluated for their chemical composition (lignin contents), the percentage of moisture damage using the tetrazolium test and physiological quality (germination, accelerated aging, conductivity test, seedling emergence and emergence index). Cultivar AS 7307 RR had the highest lignin content in the integument, the lowest percentage of damage by moisture and the highest physiological quality. Cultivars NK 7059 RR and SYN 1163 RR had the lowest lignin contents in the integument and the highest moisture damage. Electrical conductivity increased after storing all cultivars.Index terms: Glycine max, lignin, storage.Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja submetidas à chuva artificial na pré-colheita RESUMO -Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o desempenho de sementes de cultivares de soja com diferentes teores de lignina considerando o retardamento da colheita sob incidência artificial de chuva, e ao longo do armazenamento. O ensaio foi conduzido em Iraí de Minas, MG, em blocos casualizados com três repetições e esquema fatorial 5 x 3 x 3, sendo cinco cultivares de soja (NK 7059 RR, SYN 1163 RR, SYN 9070 RR, AS 7307 RR e SYN 1283 RR), três épocas de colheita (R8, R8 + uma simulação de chuva na pré-colheita e R8 + duas simulações de chuva na pré-colheita), e três épocas de armazenamento (0, 90 e 180 dias). As sementes foram avaliadas quanto à composição química (teor de lignina), porcentagem de danos por umidade usando o teste de tetrazólio, e a qualidade fisiológica (germinação, teste de envelhecimento, condutividade elétrica, emergência, índice de emergência). A cultivar AS 7307 RR apresentou maior teor de lignina no tegumento, menor porcentagem de danos por umidade e melhor qualidade fisiológica. As cultivares NK 7059 RR e SYN 1163 RR apresentam menores teores de lignina no tegumento e maiores danos por umidade. Os valores de condutividade elétrica aumentam com o armazenamento para todas as cultivares.Termos para indexação: Glycine max, lignina, armazenamento.

This study shows, in a multiple-level approach, the responses of Salvinia auriculata to Cd pollution in aquatic ecosystems. S. auriculata ramets were cultivated in nutrient solution and subjected to five treatments with Cd for ten days. At the end of the experiment, the number of new ramets and the dry biomass were determined. For ultrastructural observations, the leaves of S. auriculata were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. At the end of the experiment, the plants exposed to Cd showed damage in the leaves including necrosis and chlorosis, stomate deformations and damaged trichomes. We observed a decrease in the number of new ramets and dry biomass of S. auriculata following the increase in Cd concentration in the solution. At the ultrastructural level, leaves exposed to Cd presented chloroplast deformations and deterioration in the cell wall. All the symptoms of toxicity were directly proportionate to the concentration of Cd in the solution. The results suggests that S. auriculata shows good potential for use as a bioindicator and it can be used in the biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems contaminated by Cd.Keywords: aquatic plant, heavy metal, ecological indicator, biomonitoring.O uso de Salvinia auriculata como bioindicador em ecossistemas aquáticos: biomassa e estrutura dependentes da concentração de cádmio ResumoEste estudo apresenta, em diferentes níveis de abordagem, a resposta de Salvinia auriculata à poluição de ecossistemas aquáticos por cádmio (Cd). Rametes de S. auriculata foram cultivados em solução nutritiva e expostos a cinco tratamentos com Cd durante dez dias. Ao final do experimento, o número de novos rametes e a biomassa seca foram determinados. Para observações ultraestruturais, as folhas de S. auriculata foram analisadas utilizando-se um microscópio eletrônico de varredura e a microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Ao final do experimento, as plantas expostas ao Cd apresentaram danos nas folhas, como necrose e clorose, além de estômatos deformados e tricomas danificados. Foi observado um menor número de rametes e diminuição da biomassa seca de S. auriculata com o aumento da concentração de Cd na solução. Em nível ultraestrutural, as folhas expostas ao Cd apresentaram má formação dos cloroplastos e deterioração da parede celular. Todos os sintomas de toxidade foram diretamente proporcionais à concentração de Cd na solução. Os resultados sugerem que S. auriculata apresenta um bom potencial para uso como bioindicador e pode ser usada em programas de biomonitoramento de ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados por Cd.Palavras-chave: planta aquática, metal pesado, indicador ecológico, biomonitoramento.

Understanding the growing process and fruit size differences among peach cultivars is extremely important in the technological domain of the crop and can provide information to improve the proper crop management (thinning and harvesting seasons) and the crop breeding of fruits with a larger caliber. However, this information is still incipient in subtropical regions and requires further research, especially in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of temperature on the growing of four peach cultivars (Tropical, Aurora-2, Ouro Mel-4, and Biuti) under subtropical conditions of field cultivation. Fruit development was determined every two weeks throughout the cycle with 30 fruits from previously identified branches from six different plants of each cultivar. Regarding the thermal accumulation in growing degree-days (GDD), the cultivar ‘Tropical’ showed the lowest agronomic fruit properties (size and mass) and required a lower GDD accumulation during the development stages of the fruits, whereas the cultivar ‘Biuti’ showed higher thermal requirements and higher agronomic properties. The number of cells had greater influence on the final fruit size than the cell area.

A elevada susceptibilidade da soja ao mofo-branco tem impactado negativamente a sua produtividade. Atualmente métodos de controle biológico como o uso de Trichoderma spp. têm proporcionado alternativas ao controle químico, com menor impacto ambiental e favorecimento do desenvolvimento vegetal. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de T. harzianum sobre a emergência de sementes de soja inoculadas com Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; além de verificar a interação entre os fungos e com a soja, por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV ABSTRACTThe high susceptibility of soybean to white mold has negatively impacted its productivity. Currently, biological control methods, such as the use of Trichoderma spp., have provided alternatives to chemical control, as they promote less environmental impact and favor the plant growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum on the emergence of soybean seeds inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, besides identifying the interaction between fungi and soybeans by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Soybean seeds were subjected to the following treatments: 1. Without S. sclerotiorum, in PDA+Mannitol; 2. With S. sclerotiorum, in PDA+Mannitol; 3. With Ecotrich ® WP and without S. sclerotiorum, in PDA+Mannitol; 4. Silva, F.F.; Castro, E.M.; Moreira, S.I.; Ferreira, T.C.; Lima, A.E.; Alves, E. Emergence and ultrastructural analysis of soybean seedlings inoculated with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under the effect of Trichoderma harzianum application. Summa Phytopathologica, v.43, n.1, p.41-45, 2017. With S. sclerotiorum and Ecotrich ® WP, in PDA+Mannitol. The emergence test was conducted on trays with sterile sand at 25 °C for 8 days. Then, the vegetative organs of emerged seedlings were sectioned to evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), T. harzianum potential to parasitize and inhibit S. sclerotiorum. In fact, the white mold is capable of colonizing and deteriorating all soybean seeds. T. harzianum is effective in colonizing the root system of soybeans but does not contribute to emergence, compared to control. Based on the ultrastructural analysis, mycoparasitism of T. harzianum and S. Sclerotiorum was evidenced, but the control of the causal agent of white mold was not as effective as shown in other studies.

Typha domingensis (cattail) is a native macrophyte known by its capacity to tolerate several heavy metals effects and the potential use for phytoremediation. However, in despite that cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic pollutants; its effects in T. domingensis biology remain uninvestigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to study the tolerance of T. domingensis to cadmium contamination by evaluating its growth, Cd uptake, leaf anatomy and gas exchange. The experiment was designed using three cadmium concentrations (0, 10 and 50 µM) and ten replicates for 90 days. The cadmium uptake, growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll content and leaf anatomy were evaluated. Data was submitted to ANOVA and Scott-Knott test for P<0.05. Typha domingensis accumulates Cd proportionally to its concentration on the solution and the content of this metal was higher in roots as compared to shoots. Plants showed no significant modifications on growth parameters such as the biomass production, number of leaves, number of clones and the biomass allocation to organs. The photosynthesis, transpiration and chlorophyll content were not modified by Cd. Most anatomical traits evaluated were not modified by the metal but the stomatal density and the proportion of vascular tissues were reduced under 50 µM of Cd. In despite, the leaf anatomy showed no toxicity evidences for any Cd level. The absence of growth reduction and the stability of anatomical and physiological traits give insight about the Cd tolerance of this species. Therefore, T. domingensis is able to overcome Cd toxicity and shows potential for phytoremediation. Keywords

RESUMO -A macrófita aquática Salvinia auriculata tem sido utilizada em vários programas de monitoramento em corpos d'água passíveis de eutrofização, sendo considerada uma planta bioindicadora. Contudo, sabe-se que a salvínia também tem um potencial fitorremediador, acumulando em seus tecidos concentrações consideráveis de poluentes. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial fitorremediador e bioindicador dessa planta, avaliando as características morfológicas da salvínia quando submetida a doses excessivas de zinco (Zn), bem como o teor desse metal acumulado em seus tecidos. Os indivíduos foram coletados em águas livres de contaminação e cultivados sob condições controladas, em vasos com solução nutritiva, em casa de vegetação, e submetidos aos tratamentos com zinco na forma de ZnSO 4 . 7H 2 O, nas seguintes concentrações: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; e 10,0 mg L -1 . As alterações morfológicas foram observadas diariamente e, após dez dias de exposição dos vegetais ao zinco, procedeu-se à colheita das plantas. As plantas colhidas foram lavadas, secas, pesadas, moídas e digeridas em solução com ácido nítrico e ácido perclórico, obtendo-se extratos para determinação dos teores de zinco por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Os resultados indicaram que S. auriculata apresentou danos morfológicos, com o desenvolvimento de lesões e necroses marginais nas folhas em concentrações de zinco na solução superiores à permitida pela legislação, porém não diferiram no que se refere ao crescimento populacional. Em relação ao acúmulo, a absorção de zinco pelas plantas aumentou proporcionalmente com a concentração do metal em solução. O zinco, quando em concentrações elevadas, tornou-se tóxico às plantas, sendo as alterações morfológicas de plantas de S. auriculata de fácil detecção, podendo ser utilizadas no biomonitoramento de ecossistemas aquáticos contaminados com zinco.Palavras-chave: bioindicador, fitorremediação, macrófita aquática.ABSTRACT -The aquatic macrophyte Salvinia auriculata has been used in several monitoring programs in bodies of water susceptible to eutrophication, being thus considered a bioindicator. However, salvinia is also known to have phytoremediating potential, accumulating considerable concentrations of pollutants in its tissues. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the potential of this plant as a phytoremediator and bioindicator by analyzing its morphologic characteristics when submitted to Zinc (Zn) overdoses, as well as to determine the level of this metal accumulated in its tissues. The individuals were collected in water bodies free from contamination and cultivated in vases, using a nutrition solution, under controlled greenhouse conditions and submitted to treatments with Zinc in the form of ZnSO 4 . 7H 2 O at the following concentrations: 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 mg L -1 . The morphologic alterations were observed daily and after ten days of exposure of the plants to Zinc, the number of individuals per treatment was counted. The plants were then harvested, washed, dried, weighed, gr...

RESUMO:O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi a avaliação de aspectos da anatomia foliar, da morfologia dos órgãos vegetativos, bem como a produção de biomassa em plantas jovens de Copaifera langsdorffii desenvolvidas sob diferentes temperaturas. Foram coletadas sementes e colocadas para germinar em câmara BOD a 30°C. Após trinta dias as plântulas, com o primeiro par de folhas completamente expandidas, foram transplantadas para copos contendo plantimax®, e aclimatizadas durante quinze dias em casa de vegetação, quando foram transferidas para BODs com temperaturas T1-15°C, T2-25°C, T3-35°C, e a testemunha (T) que permaneceu em casa de vegetação (29ºC). O experimento foi conduzido por um período de 120 dias. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no tamanho e frequência dos estômatos, nas dimensões das cavidades secretoras de óleo, na espessura do mesofilo, nos aspectos morfológicos externos, e na produção de biomassa. A produção de mudas sob temperatura de 25ºC foi apropriada, sendo a condição onde as plantas tornaram-se mais vigorosas, com morfologia mais uniforme nos órgãos vegetativos e houve maior produção de biomassa seca.Palavras-chave: copaíba, variações anatômicas, morfologia externa, biomassa seca. ABSTRACT: Morphlogical evaluation of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. saplings grown in different temperatures.The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aspects of leaf anatomy, morphology of vegetative organs and biomass production in Copaifera langsdorffii saplings developed under heat shock treatment. Seeds were collected and germinated in BOD chamber at 30 °C. After thirty days, the seedlings with the first pair of fully expanded leaves were transplanted into cups containing Plantimax ® , acclimatized for two weeks in a greenhouse and transferred to growth chamber with the temperatures T1-15 °C, T2-25 °C, T3-35 °C, and the control (T) remained in a greenhouse (29 ºC). The experiment was conducted over a period of 120 days. Significant differences were observed in size and frequency of stomata, size of the oil secretory cavities, thickness of the mesophyll in the external morphology and biomass production. The production of seedlings at 25 ºC is suitable, a condition in which the plants become more vigorous with a more uniform morphology in the vegetative organs and higher production of biomass.

Popcorn (Zea mays var. everta) has a higher commercial value than common maize, in addition to being a popular food among consumers. Today, there is a constant search for cultivars with superior performance for several traits of interest in the case of popcorn, yield and popping expansion. On this basis, this project proposes to characterize progenies of popcorn with different values of expansion capacity regarding chemical composition and micromorphology. Kernels from the fifth cycle (C5) of intrapopulation recurrent selection were evaluated. The progenies were selected based on the popping expansion volume of their kernels. The kernels were quantified for amylose and analyzed for starch granule arrangement and pericarp thickness by scanning electron microscopy. Progenies with low popping expansion volume (0 and 7 mL g-1) showed amylose contents of 21.24 and 20.18%, respectively; a less compact endosperm, with individual starch granules interspaced with empty spaces; and pericarp thickness between 40.94 and 38.99 µm, respectively. By contrast, progenies with high popping expansion volume (30 and 35 mL g-1) showed amylose contents of 23.92 and 26.10%; a vitreous endosperm; more-compact starch granules without empty spaces in between; and pericarp thickness between 107.66 and 107.84 µm. Progenies with higher popping expansion volume exhibited a thicker pericarp, a high amylose percentage and a more-compact endosperm, whereas those with the lower expansion volumes showed a thinner pericarp, a lower amylose percentage and individual starch granules.