The present study aimed to review the advances in the production of temperate fruits to determine future research directions that improve production in the tropics. Temperate fruits are no longer only produced in regions characterized by a cold winter period. These fruits are also produced in the sub-tropical and tropical regions characterized by mild winter or even the absence of chilling conditions often required by the tree to break dormancy. Currently, temperate fruit production is possible in certain regions of South America, Africa and Asia that are near to the Equator. However, temperate tree fruit production in tropical regions requires modified techniques to overcome dormancy and allow adequate flowering, growth and productivity. The main approaches taken are the development of cultivars with low chilling requirement, chemical induction of budbreak, interruption of irrigation during the winter period, defoliation, orchard densification, and double pruning. Breeding has become a key tool in the advancement of temperate fruit growing in the tropics, especially with the development of low chilling requirement cultivars.

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção e atributos de qualidade de cultivares e seleções de pessegueiro nas condições da Serra da Mantiqueira. Um ensaio de competição foi implantado no município de Maria da Fé (MG), com 17 cultivares e seleções ('BRS Libra', 'Bolinha', 'Fla 88-13', 'Ouromel-2', 'Aurora-1', 'Jade', 'Aztec Gold', 'Tropical Beauty', 'Sensação', 'Chimarrita', 'Diamante', 'Maciel', Conserva 1122, Cascata 1015, Conserva 1050, Conserva 693 e Cascata 1056). O experimento foi implantado em 2006, no espaçamento de 6,0x4,0 m, com mudas enxertadas no porta-enxerto 'Okinawa'. As avaliações foram realizadas em três ciclos produtivos (2009, 2010 e 2011), analisando-se os aspectos fenológicos, produtivos e atributos de qualidade do fruto. Para 'Bolinha', Cascata 1015, 'Ouromel-2', Conserva 1050 e 'Tropical Beauty' não se observou alternância de produção. 'Ouromel-2', Conserva 1050 e 'Tropical Beauty' tiveram maior produção de frutos, com colheitas concentrando entre 13 de outubro e 16 de novembro. A cultivar Ouromel-2 teve atributos de qualidade mais adequados para o consumo ao natural, com menor acidez, boa firmeza de polpa e sólidos solúveis mais elevados. Conserva 1050 é boa opção para a indústria e 'Tropical Beauty' para dupla finalidade.

The study was conducted in order to conduct a review of the importance of ecophysiology of forage plants, to address the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors on plants and their morphological and physiological responses. The physical stress caused by soil compaction affect the development of the root system, is this condition plant shown as response greater emission lateral roots as an alternative to explore larger volume of soil. The flooding condition affect forage species differently. In this environment, the most adapted plants present the formation of adventitious roots. In dry condition tolerant plants have the ability to deepen the root system, besides their anatomical and physiological modifications to survive. Grazing reduces the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and to recover from defoliation and maintain productive changes occur in the population of tillers and the relationship between source and sink of the remaining organs. In the shadow environment the most limitation is the low solar radiation. Forage under the influence of shadow prioritize assimilates partition to shoot at the expense of roots and also have anatomical and physiological adaptations in the leaf blade to intercept and absorb more light. The nutrient deficiency impairs the growth of the plant community, as an alternative the same stimulate the development of the root system in order to meet the demand for this resource. The plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic factors promote changes in its characteristics to ensure survival, but that does not necessarily imply maintaining production of the organs of interest. However, such changes must be known to respect the limits of use and ensure of forage production efficiency.

Understanding the growing process and fruit size differences among peach cultivars is extremely important in the technological domain of the crop and can provide information to improve the proper crop management (thinning and harvesting seasons) and the crop breeding of fruits with a larger caliber. However, this information is still incipient in subtropical regions and requires further research, especially in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of temperature on the growing of four peach cultivars (Tropical, Aurora-2, Ouro Mel-4, and Biuti) under subtropical conditions of field cultivation. Fruit development was determined every two weeks throughout the cycle with 30 fruits from previously identified branches from six different plants of each cultivar. Regarding the thermal accumulation in growing degree-days (GDD), the cultivar ‘Tropical’ showed the lowest agronomic fruit properties (size and mass) and required a lower GDD accumulation during the development stages of the fruits, whereas the cultivar ‘Biuti’ showed higher thermal requirements and higher agronomic properties. The number of cells had greater influence on the final fruit size than the cell area.

No abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different types of sugar (white refined sugar, white crystal sugar, demerara sugar, brown sugar and coconut sugar) on the physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of physalis (Physalis L) jelly. In addition, we evaluated the influence of the information on the acceptability of the product. It was found that the type of sugar greatly influences the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of physalis jelly which reflects differences in the product acceptability. Due to higher sensory acceptance, white refined, white crystal and demerara sugars are the most suitable for processing jellies. It was also found that the sugar type information and its benefits has no significant influence on sensory acceptance of physalis jelly and that consumers have a preference for a clearer, less sweet, more acidic and softer jelly.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o manejo de podas em cultivares de amoreira-preta (Rubus spp.), submetidas à poda drástica de verão, em regiões subtropicais. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x7 (podas x cultivares), no Município de Lavras, MG. Foram utilizadas as cultivares Comanche, Caingangue, Choctaw, Tupy, Guarani, Brazos e Cherokee, que receberam poda convencional (controle) e poda drástica de verão. Foram avaliados dados fenológicos, vegetativos e produtivos nos ciclos de produção 2012/2013 e 2013/2014, além de características físico-químicas dos frutos e da incidência de doenças, no último ciclo de produção. A poda drástica de verão aumenta a produção das cultivares em regiões subtropicais. Não há diferença na qualidade dos frutos colhidos de plantas submetidas aos sistemas de poda avaliados. A poda drástica de verão não é eficiente na redução ou no controle de doenças.Termos para indexação: Rubus, fenologia, pequenas frutas, manejo fitossanitário, qualidade de frutos. Drastic summer pruning and production of blackberry cultivars in subtropical areasAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate pruning managements of blackberry (Rubus spp.) cultivars, subjected to drastic summer pruning, in subtropical regions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in a 7x2 (pruning x cultivars) factorial arrangement, in the municipality of Lavras, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Comanche, Caingangue, Choctaw, Tupy, Guarani, Brazos, and Cherokee cultivars were used, receiving conventional pruning (control) and drastic summer pruning. Phenological, vegetative, and productive data were evaluated on the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 production cycles, as well as the fruit physicochemical attributes and disease incidence in the last production cycle. Drastic summer pruning increases the production of cultivars in subtropical regions. There is no difference in the quality of fruit harvested from plants subjected to the evaluated pruning systems. Drastic summer pruning is not effective in the reduction or the control of diseases.

ABSTRACT. The peach tree (Prunus persica) is a fruit species native to temperate climates that requires a chill during its hibernal period to overcome dormancy. However, due to genetic breeding, varieties are currently grown in subtropical and tropical regions where there are low occurrences of chill during this phenological stage. This study evaluated the adaptability and stability of the reproductive and vegetative phases of peach tree cultivars in a subtropical climate. An experiment was designed in randomized blocks with split time plots, with 23 peach tree cultivars and four replications, with each replication consisting of one plant and four shoots. The years of evaluated (plots) and the cultivars (subplots) were considered to be treatments. The relative rates of budburst (RRB), flowering (RRF), shoot formation (SF) and fruit set (FS), average time of budburst (ATB) and flowering (ATF), duration of budburst (DB) and flowering (DF) and number of hours with temperatures below 7.20°C were evaluated during the experimental period. The cultivars 'Bonão', 'Ouromel-4', 'Libra' and 'Maciel' demonstrated greater adaptability during the vegetative phase, whereas'Ouromel-4' and 'Libra' demonstrated greater adaptability and stability during the reproductive phase of peach trees in a subtropical climate.Keywords: Prunus persica, fruit set, shoot formation, chill requirement.Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de fases reprodutivas e vegetativas de pessegueiros em clima subtropical RESUMO. O pessegueiro (Prunus persica) é uma frutífera de clima temperado e necessita de frio durante o repouso hibernal para superar a dormência, entretanto, atualmente é cultivado em regiões subtropicais e tropicais, onde há menor ocorrência de frio durante essa fase fenológica. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade das fases vegetativa e reprodutiva de cultivares de pessegueiro em clima subtropical avaliando os estádios de brotação e floração. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e quatro ramos por repetição, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, no qual as parcelas representam o tempo (2 ciclos produtivos) e as subparcelas as cultivares (23). Foram avaliados a duração da brotação (DB) e floração (DF), o tempo médio de brotação (ATB) e floração (ATF), a quantidade de gemas vegetativas brotadas (RRB) e floríferas brotadas (RRF), a formação de ramos (SF) e frutificação efetiva (FS) e o número de horas com temperatura abaixo de 7,2ºC e 12ºC, e acima de 20ºC durante o período experimental. As cultivares 'Bonão', 'Ouromel-4', 'Libra' e 'Maciel' apresentam maior adaptabilidade e estabilidade da fase vegetativa e 'Ouromel-4' e 'Libra' apresentam maior adaptabilidade e estabilidade da fase reprodutiva de pessegueiro sob clima subtropical. Palavras-chave:Prunus persica, frutificação efetiva, formação de ramos, requerimento em frio.