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Summary Objectives To assess dental root development in two groups of paediatric patients who received treatments with reverse headgear and rapid maxillary expansion and slow maxillary dental arch expansion. Materials and methods The 20 subjects (13 girls, 7 boys; mean age: 8.9 ± 1.3 years) in the first group were treated with a Petit-type reverse headgear attached to a full-coverage bonded rapid maxillary expander via elastics (RME&RHg group). The 20 subjects included in the second group (9 girls, 11 boys; mean age: 9.1 ± 2.2 years) were selected among patients who were treated with Hawley appliances for slow maxillary expansion (SME group). Digitized panoramic radiographs were used. A total of 960 permanent teeth (maxillary–mandibular incisors, canines, premolars, and first molars) were measured quantitatively for pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results No significant increase was found except for the right and left maxillary and mandibular second premolars and left mandibular and first premolar in the RME&RHg group (P < 0.05). Teeth length values increased significantly in all maxillary and mandibular teeth except maxillary first molars and mandibular incisors in the SME group (P < 0.05). Inter-group comparisons showed that statistically significant differences were observed in maxillary and mandibular incisors, left maxillary first premolar, and molar teeth (P > 0.05). Limitation A limitation of this study is the use of two-dimensional radiographic images for root length measurement. However, ethical obligations limit the dental cone beam computed tomography imaging application for protection of paediatric patients from harm. Conclusions RME&RHg therapy inhibits root development of maxillary and mandibular teeth in the early period. However, further studies should be performed to determine whether this effect on root development is reversible or irreversible.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence root resorption and dilaceration between the patients with and without previous orthopedic treatment after the fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The pre- and post-treatment digitized panoramic films of 40 Class III adult patients meeting the inclusion criteria were selected from patient population of the orthodontic department. Half of the patients were treated with two-phase treatment (orthopedic therapy followed by fixed appliance treatment; Group 1), while the others wore only fixed appliances (Group 2). Root resorption was evaluated from the first molar to the first molar for each arch using the ImageJ software (Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The presence of root dilacerations was also recorded on the pre-treatment panoramic radiographs. Paired samples t-test and Mann– Whitney U-test were used to compare root length. Results: Intragroup comparisons for each tooth indicated that the upper and lower incisors, first molars and upper left second premolars presented a significant decrease in Group 1 (P < 0.05). In contrast, in Group 2, a significant decrease in tooth length was found only in the upper incisors (P < 0.05). Intergroup comparisons for root length change indicated statistically significant differences for the lower incisors, upper second premolars, and all first molars except for the upper left molars (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the prevalence of root dilaceration in Group 1 was higher than that in Group 2. Conclusion: Class III patients who received two-phase treatments experienced more root resorption and dilaceration compared with patients who received one-phase treatments. It should be remembered that early orthopedic forces may have potential adverse effects on a dental root in the long-term.

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Objective: To determine whether total or partial etching procedures influence the appearance of white spot lesions (WSLs). Materials and Methods: This split-mouth, double-blind, controlled, randomized study included 20 patients (mean age 16.75 years), who had class I malocclusion, mild crowding, and satisfactory oral hygiene. A total of 40 maxillary quadrants were randomly allocated to be treated using a total etching (TE) or partial etching (PE) protocol. Quantitative light fluorescence images were captured at the beginning and at 3 (T1) and 6 (T2) months after beginning orthodontic treatmen, as well as when the debonding phase of orthodontic treatment was complete (T3). The presence of pre- and posttreatment WSLs was assessed with quantitative light fluorescence software and analyzed with Student's t-test. Results: The analyses showed that, at T2, the total etching group had significantly higher ΔQ and A scores than the partial etching group (P &lt; .05). The ΔF scores increased significantly at all timepoints in the TE group, but only at T1 and T3 in the PE group. However, no differences were noted at T3 between the TE and PE groups (P &gt; .05). The inclusion of only right-handed people may have limited the generalizability of the findings. The absence of analyses of the plaque and gingivitis scores of patients was another limitation of this study. Conclusions: WSL formation was observed mostly in maxillary lateral incisor teeth irrespective of the etching technique. Although PE seems to be more successful in the first 6 months, no difference was observed between PE and TE in the long term for WSL formation.

Objectives: To evaluate possible temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD) symptoms that may occur due to mask use in dentists during the COVID-19 pandemic period and reveal the potentially effective factors.Materials and Methods: An online questionnaire, consisting of three parts, was sent to dentists and clinical dental students. The first part included questions for sociodemographic information. In the second part, questions were asked to evaluate stress levels, TMD symptoms, and treatment of TMD if any for before (T0) and during the pandemic (T1). In the last part, professional mask choice, mask-related parafunctional movements, and breathing pattern while wearing a mask were evaluated.Results: TMD symptoms and stress level were found significantly higher at T1. An increase in mouth breathing and mask-related parafunctional movements was reported during the use of N95 masks compared to daily life in dentists whose professional mask selection was N95 respirator. The change in TMJ pain and muscle pain at rest between the T0 and T1 was higher in those whose professional mask choice was N95 respirators than those who chose to wear one surgical mask. Conclusion: The increase in mouth breathing and mask-related parafunctional movements during the use of N95 respirators may cause an increase in TMD.Clinical Relevance: During the use of N95 respirator masks, an increase in mouth breathing and mask-related parafunctional movements can be observed. It should be considered that this situation may cause an increase in the TMD symptoms.

Ağır akut solunum sendromu koronavirüsü 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2; SARS-CoV-2), 2019 koronavirüs hastalığı (COVID-19)'na neden olarak global pandemi haline geldi. Klinik tabloda hafif semptomlar (soğuk algınlığı) görülebileceği gibi alt solunum yolları enfeksiyonları (bronşit, pnömoni) ve daha ağır durum olan ağır akut solunum sıkıntısı sendromu (ARDS) ve ölümle sonuçlanan çoklu-organ yetmezliği görülebilir. COVID-19 tedavisinde semptomları kontrol altına alma temel amaç olup gerektiğinde oksijen tedavisi ve mekanik ventilasyon uygulanabilir. COVID-19 önlemleri kapsamında sosyal izolasyon nedeniyle hastalarla yüz yüze görüşmeler kısıtlandı ve hastaların durumlarına göre öncelik algoritması oluşturuldu. Çoğu alerji/immünoloji vizitleri (immün yetmezliği, venom tedavisi veya ağır astımı olanlar hariç) ertelendi veya telefonda tedavi veya evde bakım tedavisi olarak verilmeye başlandı. Ancak günümüzde halen COVID-19 ve alerjik hastalıklar arasındaki bağlantı tam olarak aydınlatılmamış ve literatürde yeterli çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu derlemede amacımız COVID-19 ve farklı alerjik ve immünolojik hastalıkların ilişkisini güncel literatür çalışmaları ışığında ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır.

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