The null hypothesis was rejected. Significant differences in the presence of fenestration were found among subjects with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. Fenestrations had greater prevalence in the maxilla, but more dehiscences were found in the mandible.

Supernumerary teeth (ST) are odontostomatologic anomaly characterized by as the existence excessive number of teeth in relation to the normal dental formula. This condition is commonly seen with several congenital genetic disorders such as Gardner's syndrome, cleidocranial dysostosis and cleft lip and palate. Less common syndromes that are associated with ST are; Fabry Disease, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Nance-Horan syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome and Trico–Rhino–Phalangeal syndrome. ST can be an important component of a distinctive disorder and an important clue for early diagnosis. Certainly early detecting the abnormalities gives us to make correct management of the patient and also it is important for making well-informed decisions about long-term medical care and treatment. In this review, the genetic syndromes that are related with ST were discussed.

The null hypothesis was rejected. Although the prevalence of fenestrations was not different, significant differences for dehiscences were found in patients with different vertical growth patterns.

The aims of this study were (1) to establish standards for Arnett soft tissue cephalometric analysis of Anatolian Turkish young adults and (2) to identify possible gender differences between males and females. After analysing the cephalometric radiographs of 350 individuals, 133 subjects (67 males, mean age 22.6 +/- 2.2 years, and 66 females, mean age 22.1 +/- 2.6 years) with normal antero-posterior and vertical skeletal relationships were selected. The true vertical line was established. The landmarks were marked and soft tissue facial analysis was performed. For statistical evaluation, an independent-samples t-test was used. The lower lip thickness of the Turkish population was lower and menton thickness was greater than Arnett's norms. Turkish subjects have depressed orbital rims, cheek bones, subpupils, upright and thin upper and lower lips, retruded incisors, and pogonion and point B. Most of the Turkish mean harmony values were within the range of Arnett's harmony standards. Soft tissue thicknesses were greater and facial lengths, except upper incisor exposure, were longer in Turkish males than females. These differences between ethnic groups should be taken into consideration when formulating orthodontic/orthognathic treatment plans for patients with dentofacial deformity.

The aim of this study was to evaluate soft tissue differences between Turkish and North American adults by comparing two sample populations with ideal occlusion and well-balanced faces. Lateral cephalometric radiographs of 117 Anatolian Turkish adults (65 female and 52 male, mean age: 23.9 ± 2.8 years) were compared with a sample of 116 adults of European-American ancestry (64 female and 52 male, mean age: 25.0 ± 6.8 years). The cephalometric analyses of Holdaway, Epker, and Legan and Burstone were performed using Dolphin Image Software 9.0. Thirty-two measurements (27 linear and 5 angular) were analysed. For statistical evaluation, independent samples t-tests were performed. Distinct differences were found between the two samples in facial convexity, upper lip position and length, lower lip position, chin prominence, and chin thickness. Vertical proportional findings were similar between groups. Ethnic differences were found between Turkish and North American adults in the soft tissue profile. It is appropriate to consider these differences during routine diagnosis and treatment planning of a Turkish patient or an American patient of European ancestry.

The aims of this study were to evaluate intra-examiner repeatability and inter-examiner reproducibility of landmarks using two cephalometric analysing techniques, manual and computerized, and to compare these for speed. One hundred lateral cephalometric radiographs were randomly selected and 11 angular and six linear parameters were traced and measured by two examiners using the manual method and Dolphin Image Software 9.0 on each radiograph. A Student's t-test for paired and independent samples was used to compare the mean values of intra- and inter-examiner differences. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine intra- and inter-examiner correlation (r value). Both operators were generally consistent in the repeated measurements; however, for one examiner, the differences for Na is perpendicular to A (P < 0.001), Na is perpendicular Pog, and U1-NA (P < 0.01) distance measurements were found to be statistically significant. Intra-examiner repeatability of landmarks both with the manual and Dolphin techniques showed high correlation coefficients. While inter-examiner reproducibility of landmarks was unacceptable, measurement errors with the manual technique were generally comparable with the Dolphin technique. The mean tracing times of the two operators for a single tracing was 2 minutes 41 seconds for Dolphin and 6 minutes 51 seconds for manual tracings. Computer-assisted cephalometric analysis does not increase intra- and inter-examiner reliability but can result in time saving.

The aim of this study was to test nano-composite (Filtek Supreme Plus Universal) and a newly introduced nano-ionomer (Ketac N100 Light Curing Nano-Ionomer) restorative to determine their shear bond strength (SBS) and failure site locations in comparison with a conventional light-cure orthodontic bonding adhesive (Transbond XT). Sixty freshly extracted human maxillary premolar teeth were arbitrarily divided into three equal groups. The brackets were bonded to the teeth in each group with different composites, according to the manufacturers' instructions. The SBS values of the brackets were recorded in Megapascals (MPa) using a universal testing machine. Adhesive remnant index scores were determined after failure of the brackets. The data were analysed using analysis of variance, Tukey honestly significant difference, and chi-square tests. The results demonstrated that group 1 (Transbond XT, mean: 12.60 +/- 4.48 MPa) had a higher SBS than that of group 2 (nano-composite, mean: 8.33 +/- 5.16 MPa; P < 0.05) and group 3 (nano-ionomer, mean: 6.14 +/- 2.12 MPa; P < 0.001). No significant differences in debond locations were found among the three groups. Nano-composites and nano-ionomers may be suitable for bonding since they fulfil the previously suggested SBS ranges for clinical acceptability, but they are inferior to a conventional orthodontic composite.

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