Abstract. Two plants as condensed tannin (CT) sources were supplemented to protein trash fish silage (TFS) to observe their effect on in vitro ruminal fermentation product, micobial protein synthesis, and digestibility. CT supplementation on protein trash fish silage was on control proportion (0), under optimum level (2.0%), at optimum level (4.0%), and above optimum level (6.0%) of g TFS); of protein precipitation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with CT from L. leucocephala; and under optimum level (1.5%), at optimum level (3.0%) and above optimum level (4.5% of g TFS), BSA protein precipitation with CT from C. calothyrsus. The effect on degradation in ruminal fluid and ruminal fluid followed by incubation in HCl-pepsin was evaluated using a modified two-step in vitro method. The CT level of L. leucocephala and C. calothyrsus was 4 and 6%, respectively with protein precipitation BSA was 26.25 and 31.77 g BSA/g CT, respectively. CT supplementation to trash fish silage, ruminal fermentation product (NH3-N, C2, C3, and total VFAs) and digestibility (DM and OM) decreased and increased total CP digestibility (in HCl-pepsin). The difference was attributed to CT source without affecting ruminal microbial protein synthesis. CT of L. leucocephala was better in increasing total protein digestibility (70%) than that of C. calothyrsus (15%). It indicated that CT of C. calothyrsus was less effective in protected TSF protein degradation in rumen compared to that of L. leucocephala.Key words: condensed tannin, Leucaena, Calliandra leaves, rumen fermentation, trash fish silage Abstrak. Dua tanaman sebagai sumber tanin kondensasi ditambahkan pada protein silase ikan rucah (SIR) untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap produk fermentasi dan sintesis protein mikrobia rumen, dan kecernaan secara in vitro. Penambahan tanin kondensasi pada protein silase ikan rucah pada proporsi kontrol (0), di bawah level optimum (2,0%), level optimum (4,0%), dan di atas level optimum (6,0% of g SIR) presipitasi protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) dengan tanin kondensasi L. leucocephala dan di bawah level optimum (1,5%), level optimum (3,0%), dan di atas level optimum (4,5% of g SIR) presipitasi protein BSA dengan tanin kondensasi C. calothyrsus. Pengaruh degradasi di dalam cairan rumen dan inkubasi dalam HCl-pepsin dievaluasi menggunakan metode in vitro dua tahap. Kadar tanin kondensasi L. leucocephala dan C. calothyrsus berturut-turut 4, 6% dengan presipitasi protein BSA 26.25, 31.77 g BSA/g tanin kondensasi. Penambahan tanin kondensasi pada silase ikan rucah, produk fermentasi rumen (NH3-N, C2, C3, and VFAs total) dan kecernaan (BK and BO) di dalam rumen menurun dan meningkatkan kecernaan PK total (dalam HCl-pepsin/paska rumen). Perbedaan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh sumber tanin kondensasi tanpa mempengaruhi sintesis protein mikrobia di dalam rumen. Penggunaan tanin kondensasi dari L. leucocephala lebih baik dalam meningkatkan kecernaan protein total SIR 70% dibanding C. calothyrsus 15%. Ini menunjukkan bahwa tanin kondensasi dari C. calothyrsus kurang ...

The rumen microorganism, as yeast, have an important role in rumen fermentation processes and the rumen metabolism product. A research had been done to study the use of yeast, Saccharomyces cereviseae in Lactating dairy cattle ration. The research had been conducted by experimental method, in a Latin Square Design. The animal were subjected as column and periods function as row. The treatment to be tested were four levels of yeast addition, namely : 0, 5, 10 and 15 g/cattle/day. The variables measured were rumen metabolism product : Total Volatile Fatty Acids (T-VFA), Acetate (C 2 ), Propionate (C 3 ), Butyrate (C 4 ), Formiate, Valerate, Nitrogen Ammonia and C 2 /C 3 . Based on the all variables measured, it was indicated that the addition of yeast Saccharomyces cereviseae up to 15 g/cattle/day have not changed the rumen metabolism product on lactating dairy cattle; although it was a normally production of total VFA (96,86 ± 9,94 mM/L and C 2 /C 3 (3,08 ± 0,14), but it was very high production of N-NH 3 (12,85 ± 2,72 mM/L). To increase the efficiency of metabolism processes, it is need the addition of fermentable carbohydrate in ration.

A series of experiment had been conducted to improved the quality of rice straw, rice bran and cassava solid waste through biological pretreatment using several species of microbes. Based on the digestibility and the fermentation product, indicated that 30 percent of rice straw, 35 percent of rice bran and 35 percent of cassava solid waste was the optimal ratio for concentrate formulated. The present experiment was carried out by experimental method with Completely Randomized Design, on twelve yearling male cattle of Ongole grade. The treatment tested were 3 physical form of the concentrate : (1) unfermented mesh; (2) fermented mesh and (3) fermented pellet. The variables measured were : energy and protein digestibility, rumen fermentation product, nitrogen balance and daily body weight gain. The digestion and balance trial were carried out by the Total Collection Method. The analysis of covariance shown, that there were significantly effects of the treatment tested whether upon the protein and energy digestibility, the nitrogen balance (P<0.01), nitrogen ammonia production and daily body weight gain (P<0.05), but there was no significantly effect on the Total Volatile Fatty Acid and the proportion of the individual VFA (P<0.05). Based on the all variables measured, it was indicated that fermented pellet was the best concentrate (composed by 30% of fermented rice straw, 35% of fermented rice brand and 35% of fermented cassava solid waste).

(The influence of the ratio of fermented rice straw, rice bran and cassava solid waste upon the In vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation product) ABSTRACT Chemical and physical treatments have been attempted to improve the utilization of agro industrial wastes, but the result is not efficient and caused pollution. Besides, biological treatments using the microbes have been used to improve the nutritive value and utilization of agro industrial wastes. The current experiment was conducted to find out the optimal ratio of fermented rice straw, fermented rice bran and fermented tapioca waste. There were five kinds of ratio of fermented rice straw, fermented rice bran and fermented tapioca waste, namely: K1 (70% fermented rice straw + 15% fermented rice bran + fermented tapioca waste), K2 (60% fermented rice straw + 20% fermented rice bran + 20% fermented tapioca waste), K3 (50% fermented rice straw + 25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented tapioca waste), K4 (40% fermented rice straw + 30% fermented rice bran + 30% fermented tapioca waste) and K5 (30% fermented rice straw + 35% fermented rice bran + 35% fermented tapioca waste) An in vitro technique, using completely Randomize Block Design was applied and each treatment was repeated four times. Variables measured were Dry matter and Organic matter digestibility and rumen fermentation products (volatile fatty acid and N-NH 3 concentration). The dry matter digestibility of K1, K2, K3, k4 and K5was 29.39, 31.27, 32.33, 33.71 and 34.82%, respectively. The organic matter digestibility of K1, K2, K3, K4 and 5 was 30.82, 31.27, 32.73, 34.94, and 34.92, respectively. Volatile fatty acid concentrations of K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 were 95.19, 91.77, 87.21, 104.31, 106.59 mM/l, respectively. N-NH 3 concentrations of K1, K2, K3, K4 and K5 were 0.97, 0.93, 0.93, 1.00, 1.04 mM/l, respectively. Significant difference (P<0.01) was only found in dry matter digestibility among treatments, while others variables were not significantly different among treatments. It was indicated that the optimal ratio was K4.

The objectives of the research were to supply nitrogen for protein synthesis of ruminal microbe from slow release urea and to supply post-rumen protein from soybean meal protected with condensed tannin (CT) from crude Leucaena leaves extract. In Experiment 1, slow release urea (SRU) was made by extrusion of cassava waste-urea, tapioca meal-urea and cassava meal-urea. Evaluation of SRU properties was based on residual nitrogen concentration and ruminal fermentation products (total volatile fatty acid and ammonia-nitrogen) in vitro. In Experiment 2, soybean meal protected with CT from crude Leucaena leaves extract as much as 1,68 g tannin/100 g DM soybean meal. SRU that was selected from Experiment 1 was used as the supplement in sheep ration whose protein source was protected with CT. SRU supplement in basal rations was 0, 6.36, 12.75, 19.11% DM. In vitro result in Experiment 1, showed that SRU of cassava waste, tapioca meal and cassava meal were different (P<0,01) on residual nitrogen content, total VFA, ammonia-N, and fermentation time. The optimum SRU obtained from cassava waste by inhibiting nitrogen hydrolysis up to 14 h. In Experiment 2, SRU supplementation of cassava waste on basal ration whose protein source was protected with CT increased dry matter (DM) degradability (P<0,01), total VFA (P<0,01), ammonia-N (P<0,01), and did not affect crude protein (CP) ruminal degradation. Post-ruminal degradability of DM and CP increased (P<0.01) in line with the increasing supplement, and reached the optimum level at 12,75 – 19,11% DM. In conclusion, cassava waste was a potent SRU through extrusion process and could be harnessed as SRU supplement in ration with protein source protected with condensed tannin to improve ruminal microbe protein synthesis.