Effects of Slow Release Urea Supplementation of Sheep Protein Source Feed Protected with Condensed Tannin from Leucaena on Protein Degradation in Rumen and Post-rumen In Vitro

Abstract

The objectives of the research were to supply nitrogen for protein synthesis of ruminal microbe from slow release urea and to supply post-rumen protein from soybean meal protected with condensed tannin (CT) from crude Leucaena leaves extract. In Experiment 1, slow release urea (SRU) was made by extrusion of cassava waste-urea, tapioca meal-urea and cassava meal-urea. Evaluation of SRU properties was based on residual nitrogen concentration and ruminal fermentation products (total volatile fatty acid and ammonia-nitrogen) in vitro. In Experiment 2, soybean meal protected with CT from crude Leucaena leaves extract as much as 1,68 g tannin/100 g DM soybean meal. SRU that was selected from Experiment 1 was used as the supplement in sheep ration whose protein source was protected with CT. SRU supplement in basal rations was 0, 6.36, 12.75, 19.11% DM. In vitro result in Experiment 1, showed that SRU of cassava waste, tapioca meal and cassava meal were different (P<0,01) on residual nitrogen content, total VFA, ammonia-N, and fermentation time. The optimum SRU obtained from cassava waste by inhibiting nitrogen hydrolysis up to 14 h. In Experiment 2, SRU supplementation of cassava waste on basal ration whose protein source was protected with CT increased dry matter (DM) degradability (P<0,01), total VFA (P<0,01), ammonia-N (P<0,01), and did not affect crude protein (CP) ruminal degradation. Post-ruminal degradability of DM and CP increased (P<0.01) in line with the increasing supplement, and reached the optimum level at 12,75 – 19,11% DM. In conclusion, cassava waste was a potent SRU through extrusion process and could be harnessed as SRU supplement in ration with protein source protected with condensed tannin to improve ruminal microbe protein synthesis.

Effect of Using Slow-Release Urea on Food Compound Digestion Coefficient and some Rumen and Blood Fluid Traits in Awassi Lambs

“…This decrease may have been due to the slow degradation of Menogen and its transformation into the blood compared to rapidly degrading urea, which leads to a higher percentage of blood and total protein ( And ALT (20.25, 13.25, 12.75, 15.75)IU/L of blood for the four treatments respectively, one of the disadvantages of taking urea is to increase the concentration of ammonia in the blood, which works to withdraw alpha-ketochloric acid and convert it into clotamate, which works to stop the Krebs cycle and energy production and the direction of the body to produce energy through the path of glycolyses and the accumulation of active acetate units (CO-A Acetyl) and then convert them to lactate, causing an increase in its concentration. These results were different with [7,26] indicating no significant differences by increasing the level of SRU in experimental diets, either [30] observed a decrease in urea concentration before mathematically feeding and after feeding there was no difference in the addition of slow-degrading urea. where it differed with [7] total protein rise with increased SRU.…”

“…The diet rich in fiber content in some basic diets does not occur due to drastic changes in microbial growth because it is slowly metabolized [28] however urea additives must be balanced with the intake of soluble carbohydrates in the diet [29]. This is confirmed by [26] that slow-degrading urea improves rumen microbial synthesis in its experiment on sheep.…”

Efek penggunaan produk gelatinisasi empulur gewang (Corypha utan lamk) dengan urea terhadap pertumbuhan sapi bali yang mengkonsumsi rumput alam

“…Pada rumput tropis, porsi terbesar dari total nitrogen dapat ditemukan terikat dalam dinding sel, sehingga menurunkan degradabilitas protein kasar hijauan dan menyumbang terhadap rendahnya konsentrasi rumen ammonia nitrogen (RAN) (Rufino et al, 2016). Menurut Rimbawanto et al (2017), untuk mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan urea dapat dilakukan dengan menghambat laju hidrolisisnya menjadi Namonia dalam rumen. Penghambatan hidrolisis urea dapat dilakukan melalui pencampuran urea dengan gelatin (Paengkoum and Bunnakit, 2012).…”

Use of irradiated chitosan as a matrix for slow-release urea and in vitro fermentation characteristics of slow-release urea supplementation in ruminant rations

“…Chitosan has the potential to be used as a physical barrier that effectively minimizes the rate of water diffusion into the central nitrogen core [ 10 , 11 ] in SRU for fertilizer application. The addition of SRU to a ration containing a protein source protected by condensed tannin does not affect the activity of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and enhances post-ruminal protein availability [ 12 ]. Gamma irradiation treatment can enhance the beneficial effects of chitosan as a constituent material for SRU.…”