RESUMOAs mudas propagadas por técnicas de micropropagação geralmente apresentam alterações significativas induzidas pelas condições in vitro, que diminuem a capacidade de sobrevivência após a transferência para o ambiente ex vitro, sendo fundamental a avaliação da mudança estrutural durante o processo de adaptação. Objetivou-se com este trabalho, identificar as diferenças anatômicas foliares entre plantas de Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nich. (ipê amarelo), cultivadas in vitro, in vivo e durante a aclimatização. Foram utilizadas plântulas mantidas por 43 dias em sala de crescimento, com 20, 40, 60 e 80 dias de aclimatização e mudas de 90 dias cultivadas em viveiro. As plântulas foram obtidas via cultura de embriões em meio MS e transplantadas para tubetes contendo plantmax ® , para aclimatização em viveiro, sob 50% de sombreamento. Nas mesmas condições da aclimatização, foram produzidas as mudas in vivo. Cortes transversais e paradérmicos foram preparados de acordo com técnicas usuais em microtecnia vegetal. As plântulas in vitro apresentam os tecidos foliares pouco diferenciados e estômatos maiores e mais abertos, exigindo maiores cuidados na etapa inicial de aclimatização. Aos 60 dias de aclimatização as novas folhas produzidas possuem alguns aspectos anatômicos que podem conferir maior eficiência fotossintética e maior capacidade de regulação hídrica das plantas.Termos para indexação: Ipê-amarelo, planta medicinal, micropropagação. ABSTRACTThe seedlings spread by micropropagation techniques, usually show significant alterations induced by the conditions in vitro, which decrease the survival capacity after the transfer to conditions ex vitro. The evaluation of the structural change during the acclimatization is necessary for the understanding of this adaptation process. The objective of this research was to identify the anatomical differences among the seedlings cultivated in vitro, in vivo and acclimatized plants of Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nich. (yellow ipe), species with great medicinal and ornamental interest. One used seedlings maintained for 43 days in growth chamber, with 20, 40, 60 and 80 days of acclimatization and seedlings after 90 days of cultivation in vivo. Seedlings were obtained from culture of embryos in half BAD and transplanted to tubes containing plantmax®, for aclimatização in nursery house under 50% of shad. In the same conditions of the acclimatization the seedlings in vivo were produced. Transversal and paradermal sections were prepared using the usual microthecniques. The results showed that the seedlings in vitro have the leaf tissue little differed and the stomata are open and bigger, demanding greater cares in the initial stage of acclimatization. At 60 days of acclimatization the new leaves produced have some anatomical aspects that can originate higher photosynthetic efficiency and better water regulation capacity of the plants.
RESUMOA mangabeira, espécie nativa do Cerrado, destaca-se por possuir um grande potencial como planta frutífera e produtora de borracha. No entanto, suas sementes apresentam recalcitrância, dificultando sua propagação, o que torna evidente a necessidade da obtenção de mudas por via assexuada. Neste contexto, o cultivo in vitro apresenta-se como uma alternativa a ser utilizada. Com o presente trabalho, visou-se estabelecer uma metodologia de micropropagação da mangabeira via organogênese direta. Para a obtenção de brotações, segmentos caulinares com até duas gemas laterais foram inoculados em meio de cultura WPM, suplementado com diferentes concentrações de BAP (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0 e 5,0 mg L -1 ). Para o enraizamento, brotações foram inoculadas em meio WPM, suplementado com 0,1% de carvão ativado e diferentes concentrações de ANA (0,0; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 mg L -1 ) ou AIB (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 mg L -1 ). As brotações inoculadas permaneceram em sala de crescimento por 15 dias, quando foram transferidas para meio WPM sem reguladores de crescimento. As concentrações de 5,0 mg L -1 e 3,0 mg L -1 de BAP foram as mais eficientes na indução, respectivamente, de brotações e gemas. O maior comprimento das brotações foi verificado em meio suplementado com 1,0 mg L -1 ou 2,0 mg L -1 de BAP. A maior formação de calos ocorreu em meio suplementado com 4,0 mg L -1 dessa citocinina. A auxina ANA não se mostrou eficiente, nas concentrações testadas, no enraizamento in vitro de brotações de mangabeira. Na presença de 3,0 mg L -1 de AIB, 20% das brotações enraizaram.Termos para indexação: Micropropagação, brotações, enraizamento. ABSTRACTThe mangabeira presents potential for fruit and rubber production. Since the seeds are recalcitrant which makes difficult its propagation, new approaches are needed in order to obtain plants through asexual methods. In this context, the process of in vitro culture presents as an alternative for the mangabeira propagation. The objective of the present work was to establish a micropropagation methodology of mangabeira through direct organogenesis. To obtain shoots, nodal segments INTRODUÇÃOA mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), espécie arbórea nativa do Cerrado, apresenta um grande potencial como planta frutífera e como produtora de borracha. No entanto, com a inexistência de plantios racionais e tecnificados, o extrativismo é, atualmente, sua única forma de exploração, constituindo-se, assim, numa grande barreira para o aproveitamento de todas as suas potencialidades.O estabelecimento de plantios comerciais da mangabeira tem sido dificultado pelo curto período de armazenamento das sementes e pelo insucesso da sua propagação por estaquia.
-In contrast to enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilisers, principally urea, phosphate fertilisers have been little studied and the available information is limited. The aim of this work therefore was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics and the agronomic efficiency of a polymer-coated MAP fertilizer on two subsequent lettuce crops. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in pots with a capacity of 4 kg, filled with a dystrophic yellow Latosol of a clayey texture. The experimental design was completely randomised and the treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme: two sources of phosphorus (P) (MAP and polymer-coated MAP), applied to the plots in five dosages (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg P 2 O 5 kg -1 ) with three replications. The results showed that the polymer-coated MAP increased the efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer in both lettuce crops, improving utilisation of the residual phosphorus. The agronomic efficiency of fertilization decreases with the increases in applied phosphorus. The production and nutritional characteristics of the lettuce were influenced by the levels of P 2 O 5 and the use of MAP with polymers. Higher values for dry and fresh weight and for the accumulation of P in the first crop occurred with the use of polymer-coated MAP at dosages of 506.9, 450.1 and 522.8 mg kg -1 P 2 O 5 .Key words: Phosphate fertilizer. Residual effect. Lactuca sativa L.RESUMO -Contrariamente aos fertilizantes nitrogenados de eficiência aumentada, principalmente a ureia, os fertilizantes fosfatados foram pouco estudados e as informações disponíveis são limitadas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar as características produtivas, nutricionais e a eficiência agronômica da adubação fosfatada com MAP revestido com polímeros em dois cultivos subsequentes de alface. Foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação em vasos com capacidade para 4 kg de solo preenchido com um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5: duas fontes de fósforo (P) (MAP e MAP revestido com polímeros) aplicadas nas parcelas em cinco doses (0; 100; 200; 400; 800 mg P 2 O 5 kg -1 ), com três repetições. Os resultados mostraram que o MAP revestido com polímeros promoveu maior eficiência da adubação fosfatada nos dois cultivos da alface, melhorando o aproveitamento do fósforo residual. A eficiência agronômica da adubação diminui com o aumento na quantidade de fósforo aplicada. As características produtivas e nutricionais da alface foram influenciadas pelas doses de P 2 O 5 e com a utilização do MAP + polímeros. A maior massa seca e fresca e acúmulo de P no primeiro cultivo ocorreram com a utilização do MAP revestido por polímeros nas doses de 506,9; 450,1; 522,8 mg kg -1 de P 2 O 5 .Palavras-chave: Fertilizante fosfatado. Efeito residual. Lactuca sativa L.
Information related to phosphate fertilization and coated phosphate fertilizer in onion is scarce. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate agronomic efficiency, production and nutritional characteristics of triple superphosphate coated with polymers in onion cultivated in contrasting texture soils. Two experiments were carried out under protected conditions in pots containing 5 kg soil. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial: triple superphosphate (TSP) and polymer-coated triple superphosphate (TSP+P) applied in five phosphorus rates: Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) (clayey) = 0; 100; 200; 400; 800 mg P 2 O 5 kg-1 , and Quartzarenic Neosol (sandy) = 0; 75; 150; 300; 600 mg P 2 O 5 kg-1 , with three replications. Results indicated that polymer-coated TSP showed no difference for bulb mass and agronomic efficiency for phosphorus fertilization. Agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilization decreased with the increase in the amount of phosphorus applied. Phosphorus accumulation for onion bulb cultivated in Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) was higher with the use of polymer-coated triple superphosphate. Growth, production and nutritional characteristics in onion were affected by phosphorus. The highest bulbs mass production and phosphorus accumulation occurred at the doses of 783; 629 mg kg-1 P 2 O 5 (Dystroferric Red Latosol-LVdf), and of 406; 600 mg kg-1 P 2 O 5 (Quartzarenic Neosol-RQ).
The identification of nutrient deficiency symptoms in lettuce helps both producers and technical staff to keep the plant nutritional balance in their producing areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate production and describe and record the visual symptoms caused by the isolated or combined shortage of K, Ca, B and Zn in crisphead lettuce grown in hydroponics. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks with four replications and eight treatments, representing the single (K, Ca, B, Zn) and combined (Ca and B, K and Zn, B and Zn) omission of nutrients, with a control treatment containing a complete nutrient solution. We used the crisphead lettuce cultivar Rider Plus. Under Ca shortage, plant growth was reduced and chlorosis appeared in the borders of young leaves. K shortage was the most detrimental to production of shoot fresh and dry matter and root dry matter. Where B was absent, plant growth was limited, the apical dominance was lost and leaves became wrinkled. Plants without Zn showed mild chlorosis in the blade of young leaves, elongation and bending of petioles and reduction in root density. The combined omission of Ca and B slowed down plant growth and induced necrosis at the borders of young leaves, while the combined omission of K and Zn initially induced K deficiency symptoms with reduced growth. When B and Zn were simultaneously subtracted, plants first showed B deficiency symptoms: reduction in plant size as compared to the control treatment and death of the apical bud.
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