Ammonia volatilization (N-NH 3 ) is one of the main pathways of Nitrogen loss reducing nitrogen use efficiency in coffee orchard. This work aimed at quantifying ammonia volatilization (N-NH 3 ) losses from N-sources to be used in coffee plantations fertilization in Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the field on a dystrophic red latosol (Ferralsol in FAO's classification) at the Coffee Research Sector, University of Lavras, MG, Brazil. The experimental design was of complete randomized blocks with three repetitions of the following treatments: conventional urea, ammonium nitrate and urea + 0.15% Cu and 0.4% B, urea + anionic polymers, urea + elementary sulfur (S 0 ) + polymers, and urea + plastic resin. These N sources were split into three doses of 150 kg ha -1 and band applied. The N-NH 3 losses by volatilization and variations of pH (H 2 O) were measured, before and after N application. The N-sources contributed to reduce the soil pH, measured after the third nitrogen fertilization. The N-NH 3 losses by volatilization (average from three applications) was as follows: urea + anionic polymers (35.8%) > conventional urea (31.2%) = urea + S 0 + polymers (31.0%) > urea + 0.15% Cu + 0.4 % B (25.6%) > urea + plastic resin (8.6%) = ammonium nitrate (1.0%).Index terms: Coffee arabica; slow and controlled release and stabilized fertilizers; ammonium nitrate; urea. RESUMOA volatilização de amônia é uma das principais causas da redução da eficiência no uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados em lavouras cafeeiras. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se quantificar as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados aplicados em lavoura cafeeira. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, cultivado com café, localizado no Setor de Cafeicultura/Departamento de Agricultura/UFLA, Lavras -MG. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados e os tratamentos foram: ureia; nitrato de amônio; ureia + 0,15% de Cu + 0,4% de B; ureia + polímeros; ureia + enxofre elementar (S 0 ) + polímeros e; ureia + resina plástica; distribuídos em três parcelamentos com doses iguais de 150 kg ha -1 . Foram quantificadas as perdas de nitrogênio por volatilização (N-NH 3 ) e as variações no pH em água, da camada de 0-5 cm de solo, antes e depois dos parcelamentos das adubações nitrogenadas. Os fertilizantes nitrogenados reduziram os valores do pH do solo após as três adubações de manutenção. A perda de nitrogênio por volatilização dos fertilizantes nitrogenados (média das três adubações) foi: ureia + polímeros (35,8% do total do N aplicado) > ureia (31,2%) = ureia + S 0 + polímeros (31,0%) > ureia + Cu + B (25,6%) > ureia + resina plástica (8,6%) = nitrato de amônio (1,0%).Termos para indexação: Coffee arabica; fertilizantes estabilizados e de liberação controlada; nitrato de amônio; ureia.

Application of stabilized and controlled-release urea blends can reduce the losses of N-NH 3 as compared to conventional urea. The aim of this study was to quantify ammonia volatilization from conventional nitrogen fertilizers and blends of urea + (urea + NBPT) + controlled release urea applied in drip irrigated coffee system. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in in a Red Latosol located in Lavras-MG, Brazil. The randomized complete block design with six treatments: Urea = 450 kg ha

The market of stabilized, slow and controlled release nitrogen (N) fertilizers represents 1% of the world fertilizer consumption. On the other hand, the increase in availability, innovation and application of these technologies could lead to the improvement of N use efficiency in agroecossystems and to the reduction of environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify agronomic efficiency relative index, ammonia volatilization, and CO 2 emissions from conventional, stabilized and controlled release N fertilizers in corn summer crop. The experiment was carried out in a corn crop area located in Lavras, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, without irrigation. All treatments were applied in topdressing at rate of 150 kg ha -1 N. N-NH 3 losses from N fertilizers were: Granular urea (39% of the applied N ) = prilled urea (38%) > urea coated with 16% S 0 (32%) = blend of urea + 7.9% S 0 + polymers + conventional urea (32%) > prilled urea incorporated at 0.02 m depth (24%) > urea + 530 mg kg -1 of NBPT (8%) = Hydrolyzed leather (9%) > urea + thermoplastic resin (3%) = ammonium sulfate (1%) = ammonium nitrate (0.7%). Thermoplastic resin coated urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate presented low values of cumulative CO 2 emissions in corn crop. On the other hand, hydrolyzed leather promoted greater C-CO 2 emission, when compared with other nitrogen fertilizers.Index terms: CO 2 ; NH 3 loss; no-tillage; Zea mays L. RESUMOO consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados estabilizados, de liberação lenta e controlada representa 1% do total de fertilizantes utilizados no mundo. Por outro lado, um aumento na disponibilidade, inovação e utilização dessas tecnologias pode levar a maior eficiência no uso do nitrogênio (N) na agricultura com menor impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar as perdas de amônia (N-NH 3 ) por volatilização e as emissões de CO 2 de fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados e de liberação controlada na cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo no município de Lavras (MG) no ano agrícola 2013/2014, sem irrigação. Os tratamentos foram compostos por fertilizantes nitrogenados aplicadas em cobertura na dose de 150 kg ha -1 de N. A perda acumulada de N-NH 3 dos fertilizantes nitrogenados convencionais, estabilizados de liberação controlada em ordem decrescente foi: Ureia granulada (39% do N aplicado) = ureia perolada (38%) > ureia + 16% de S 0 (32%) = mistura física de grânulos (blend) de ureia revestida com S 0 e polímeros e ureia convencional (32%) > ureia perolada incorporada (24%) > ureia + 530 mg kg -1 de NBPT (8%) = hidrolisado de couro bovino (9%) > ureia + resina termoplástica (3%) = sulfato de amônio (1%) = nitrato de amônio (0,7%). O sulfato e nitrato de amônio e a ureia + resina termoplástica promovem a menor emissão de dióxido de carbono (C-CO 2 ) em área de cultivo de milho. Enquanto que, o hidrolisado de couro promoveu a maior emissão total de C-CO 2 para à atmosfera.Termos para indexação: CO 2 ; perdas de NH 3 ; planti...

Information related to phosphate fertilization and coated phosphate fertilizer in onion is scarce. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate agronomic efficiency, production and nutritional characteristics of triple superphosphate coated with polymers in onion cultivated in contrasting texture soils. Two experiments were carried out under protected conditions in pots containing 5 kg soil. The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial: triple superphosphate (TSP) and polymer-coated triple superphosphate (TSP+P) applied in five phosphorus rates: Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) (clayey) = 0; 100; 200; 400; 800 mg P 2 O 5 kg-1 , and Quartzarenic Neosol (sandy) = 0; 75; 150; 300; 600 mg P 2 O 5 kg-1 , with three replications. Results indicated that polymer-coated TSP showed no difference for bulb mass and agronomic efficiency for phosphorus fertilization. Agronomic efficiency of phosphorus fertilization decreased with the increase in the amount of phosphorus applied. Phosphorus accumulation for onion bulb cultivated in Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) was higher with the use of polymer-coated triple superphosphate. Growth, production and nutritional characteristics in onion were affected by phosphorus. The highest bulbs mass production and phosphorus accumulation occurred at the doses of 783; 629 mg kg-1 P 2 O 5 (Dystroferric Red Latosol-LVdf), and of 406; 600 mg kg-1 P 2 O 5 (Quartzarenic Neosol-RQ).

The main discoveries and advances in the development of industrial processes for the most commercially used phosphate fertilizers in the world (single superphosphate, triple superphosphate, monoammonium phosphate, and diammonium phosphate) occurred from 1830 to 1970, followed by improvements and investments to expand worldwide production capacity. A main opportunity now is aggregating new technologies to conventional phosphate fertilizers so they may become even more efficient in supplying P to plants, which involves research related to the technologies for reduction in soil P losses. Thus, some innovations and technologies have begun to be developed and marketed and continue in continual refinement and adoption in agriculture worldwide to reduce conversion of soluble P applied through conventional phosphate fertilizers into unavailable forms in the soil. This is the case of enhanced efficiency fertilizers, which includes groups of phosphate fertilizers with fixation inhibitors and the chemically modified, controlled-release, blends, multifunctional, and synergistic phosphate fertilizers. The technologies presented in detail in this paper were developed to improve the agronomic efficiency of phosphate fertilization in comparison with conventional fertilizers, with costs varying according to raw materials, production technologies, and distance from the consumer market. This synthesis expands knowledge regarding technologies in use, stimulating the development and application of technologies that increase nutrient efficiency, based on results obtained through suitable methods and equipment along with laboratory, greenhouse, and field results. Increased fertilization efficiency should always be linked with greater economic profitability and the lowest environmental impact, following the principles of sustainability and circular economy. The great challenge for innovation is transforming the knowledge generated regarding fertilizers present in patents and scientific publications into technologies appropriate for the fertilizer market and for adoption in agriculture.

-In contrast to enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilisers, principally urea, phosphate fertilisers have been little studied and the available information is limited. The aim of this work therefore was to evaluate the productive and nutritional characteristics and the agronomic efficiency of a polymer-coated MAP fertilizer on two subsequent lettuce crops. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in pots with a capacity of 4 kg, filled with a dystrophic yellow Latosol of a clayey texture. The experimental design was completely randomised and the treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme: two sources of phosphorus (P) (MAP and polymer-coated MAP), applied to the plots in five dosages (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 mg P 2 O 5 kg -1 ) with three replications. The results showed that the polymer-coated MAP increased the efficiency of the phosphate fertilizer in both lettuce crops, improving utilisation of the residual phosphorus. The agronomic efficiency of fertilization decreases with the increases in applied phosphorus. The production and nutritional characteristics of the lettuce were influenced by the levels of P 2 O 5 and the use of MAP with polymers. Higher values for dry and fresh weight and for the accumulation of P in the first crop occurred with the use of polymer-coated MAP at dosages of 506.9, 450.1 and 522.8 mg kg -1 P 2 O 5 .Key words: Phosphate fertilizer. Residual effect. Lactuca sativa L.RESUMO -Contrariamente aos fertilizantes nitrogenados de eficiência aumentada, principalmente a ureia, os fertilizantes fosfatados foram pouco estudados e as informações disponíveis são limitadas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar as características produtivas, nutricionais e a eficiência agronômica da adubação fosfatada com MAP revestido com polímeros em dois cultivos subsequentes de alface. Foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação em vasos com capacidade para 4 kg de solo preenchido com um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5: duas fontes de fósforo (P) (MAP e MAP revestido com polímeros) aplicadas nas parcelas em cinco doses (0; 100; 200; 400; 800 mg P 2 O 5 kg -1 ), com três repetições. Os resultados mostraram que o MAP revestido com polímeros promoveu maior eficiência da adubação fosfatada nos dois cultivos da alface, melhorando o aproveitamento do fósforo residual. A eficiência agronômica da adubação diminui com o aumento na quantidade de fósforo aplicada. As características produtivas e nutricionais da alface foram influenciadas pelas doses de P 2 O 5 e com a utilização do MAP + polímeros. A maior massa seca e fresca e acúmulo de P no primeiro cultivo ocorreram com a utilização do MAP revestido por polímeros nas doses de 506,9; 450,1; 522,8 mg kg -1 de P 2 O 5 .Palavras-chave: Fertilizante fosfatado. Efeito residual. Lactuca sativa L.

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