Nos últimos anos registra-se marcado esforço de construção de modelos teórico-metodológicos para avaliar características do trabalho e efeitos à saúde dos trabalhadores. Dentre os modelos propostos, o Modelo Demanda-Controle tem alcançado destaque. Esse modelo recorta duas dimensões no ambiente laboral: as demandas psicológicas e o controle do trabalhador sobre o próprio trabalho. O Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) é o instrumento proposto para medir essas dimensões do trabalho. Este estudo objetiva apresentar as bases teóricas e metodológicas do modelo demanda-controle, e discutir sua capacidade para identificar diferentes situações de trabalho no contexto brasileiro, a partir do uso do JCQ. Achados preliminares de dois estudos epidemiológicos, de corte transversal, são apresentados e discutidos. Os estudos avaliaram aspectos psicossociais do trabalho, utilizando o JCQ, e a saúde mental dos trabalhadores, usando o SRQ-20. Os resultados apontaram boa capacidade do modelo demanda-controle para identificar diferentes situações de risco à saúde mental dos trabalhadores. Aspectos relacionados à demanda psicológica do trabalho estavam mais fortemente associados a elevadas prevalências de distúrbios psíquicos menores do que os aspectos referentes ao controle.

RESUMO Este artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para a reflexão no tocante aos impactos da pandemia Covid-19 na população negra, tendo como marco disparador a necessidade premente de analisar as assimetrias que essa emergência sanitária global produz, particularmente em contextos de desigualdade social, como é o caso do Brasil, em que a população em situação de vulnerabilidade social pode ser representada majoritariamente pela população negra, em seus diferentes grupos específicos, tipificados por gênero, por restrições de acesso a educação, proteção social, moradia adequada, serviços de saneamento básico, internet, bem como por ocupação/desocupação, por espaço geográfico, por privação de liberdade, ainda que paradoxalmente, quantitativamente equivalha a maioria da população brasileira, que acumula os piores indicadores.

This study aimed to discuss the use of the race/color variable as a determining factor of social difference and social exposure to the risk of illness and death. It is a reflection on the present production of the national and international literature in the Public Health and Epidemiology field on this subject. The study examined 47 original and review papers in the period 1990 to 2005. It was observed that international studies have aimed to debate and ground the use of the race/color variable in the health field. In Brazil, the use of this variable in studies about health inequalities is still incipient, but within the few investigations performed, differentials have been evidenced, which instigates the production of further research in this direction. The study of the role of race/color in the production of health differentials could contribute to make policies focusing on reducing health inequalities. Key words: Social difference. Health. Race/color. Public Health. RESUMO Propôs-se discutir o uso da variável raça/cor como fator determinante de desigualdades sociais e de exposição social ao risco de adoecimento e morte. Trata-se de uma reflexão sobre a produção atual da literatura nacional e internacional da área de Saúde Pública/Epidemiologia. Foram incluídos no estudo 47 artigos originais e de revisão no período de 1990 a 2005. Observou-se que os estudos internacionais procuram debater e fundamentar o uso da variável raça/cor no campo da saúde. No Brasil, a utilização dessa variável em estudos de desigualdade em saúde é ainda incipiente, mas, entre as poucas investigações realizadas, têm sido evidenciados diferenciais que instigam maior produção de pesquisas nessa direção. Investigações sobre o papel da raça/cor na produção de diferenciais em saúde poderão produzir informações capazes de contribuir para a elaboração de políticas destinadas a reduzir desigualdades em saúde. Palavras-chave: Desigualdade social. Saúde. Raça/cor. Saúde Coletiva RESUMEN Se propone discutir el uso de la variable raza/color como factor determinante de desigualdades sociales y de exposición social al riesgo de adolecer y de muerte. Se trata de una reflexión sobre la producción actual de la literatura brasileña e internacional del área de Salud Pública/Epidemiología. Se incluyen en el estudio 47 artículos originales y de revisión en el periodo de 1990 a 2005. Se observa que los estudios internacionales tratan de debater y fundamentar el uso de la variable raza/color en el campo de la salud. En Brasil la utilización de esta variable en estudios de desigualdad en salud es todavía incipiente, pero entre las pocas investigaciones realizadas se han evidenciado diferenciales que instigan mayor producción de investigaciones en esta dirección. Investigaciones sobre el papel de la raza/color en la producción de diferenciales en salud podrán producir informaciones capaces de contribuir a la elaboración de políticas destinadas a reducir desigualdades en salud.

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The use of motorcycles as a means of work has contributed to the increase in traffic accidents, in particular, mototaxi accidents. The aim of this study was to estimate and characterize the incidence of occupational accidents among the mototaxis registered in Feira de Santana, BA. This is a cross--sectional study with descriptive and census data. Of the 300 professionals registered at the Municipal Transportation Service, 267 professionals were interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Then, a descriptive analysis was conducted and the incidence of accidents was estimated based on the variables studied. Relative risks were calculated and statistical significance was determined using the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, considering p ≤ 0.05. Logistic regression was used in order to perform simultaneous adjustment of variables. Occupational accidents were observed in 10.5% of mototaxis. There were mainly minor injuries (48.7%), 27% of them requiring leaves of absence from work. There was an association between the days of work per week, fatigue in lower limbs and musculoskeletal complaints, and accidents. Knowledge of the working conditions and accidents involved in this activity can be of great importance for the adoption of traffic education policies, and to help prevent accidents by improving the working conditions and lives of these professionals.

OBJECTIVE:Deaths by external causes represent one of the most important challenges for public health and are the second cause of death in Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyze differentials in mortality by external causes according to race/skin color. METHODS:A descriptive study was carried out in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil, using 9,626 cases of deaths by external causes between 1998 and 2003. Data were obtained from the Forensic Medicine Institute and from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografi a e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). The indicator "potential years of life lost" was utilized to identify the existence of differences among age groups, sex groups and race/skin color groups. RESULTS:Deaths by external causes provoked the loss of 339,220 potential years of life, of which 210,000 were due to homicides. Nonwhite individuals died at earlier ages and lost 12.2 times as much potential years of life due to deaths by homicidies than white individuals. Although the nonwhite (black and mixed) population was three times larger than the white population, its number of potential years of life lost was 30 times higher. The population of blacks was 11.4 % smaller than the white population, but its loss of potential years of life was almost three times higher. Even after the adjustment for age, the differences observed in the indicator potential years of life lost/100,000 inhabitants and in the ratios between strata according to race/skin color were maintained. CONCLUSIONS:The results showed differentials in mortality by external causes according to race/skin color in Salvador. The nonwhite population had greater loss of potential years of life, higher average number of years not lived and, on average, they died at an earlier age due to homicides, traffi c accidents an all other external causes.

Introduction: In Brazil, deaths by external causes rank first in the mortality statistics. Nevertheless, studies which investigate the relationship between mortality by external causes and race/skin color are scarce. Objectives: To evaluate the relative contribution of race/skin color to the spatial distribution of mortality by homicide in Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, in the period 1998 -2003. Material and Methods: This is a spatial aggregate study including secondary data on 5,250 subjects, using a unit of analysis called the "weighting area" (WA). Annual average death rates by homicide were estimated. The Global and Local Moran Index were used to evaluate the presence of spatial autocorrelation and the Conditional Auto Regressive (CAR) model was employed to evaluate the referred effect, using the R statistical package. Results: Global and Local Moran's I tests were significant. CAR regression showed that the predicted mortality rate increases when there is a growth in the proportion of black males aged between 15 and 49 years. Geometrically weighted regression (GWR) showed a very small variation of the local coefficients for all predictors. Conclusion: We demonstrated that the interrelation between race, violence and space is a phenomenon which results from a long process of social inequality. Understanding these interactions requires interdisciplinary efforts that contribute to advancement of knowledge that leads to more specific Public Health interventions.

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