In this study, it was aimed to investigate cultivation of Lentinula edodes by using different agricultural wastes (oak sawdust, poplar sawdust, wheat stalk, peanut shell, corncob and vine pruning waste) and to determine the most suitable growing mixture/mixtures. For this purpose, 12 growing mixtures were tested. Within the scope of the experiment, besides measurement of yield and quality parameters of mushrooms, properties of agricultural wastes and enzyme activities (laccase and cellulase) of mixtures at different periods were measured. Based on results of the study, the highest and lowest amounts of nitrogen were obtained from after harvest (1.71%) and after sterilization (1.34%) periods, respectively. While the highest amount of carbon was at the after-sterilization period (46.6%), the lowest amount was recorded at the after harvest (45.64%) period. The fastest and slowest mycelia development time was observed in A7 (21.67 days) and A4 (50 days) mixtures, respectively. While the highest yield was determined in A5 (299.59 g kg-1) mixture, A9 (55.99 g kg-1), A6 (65.59 g kg-1) and A11 (75.47 g kg-1) gave the lowest results. While the highest biological activity rate was recorded in A3 (93.65 %) and A5 (92.90%), the lowest was observed in A11 (21.45%), A6 (19.85%) and A9 (19.22%) mixtures. The highest and lowest protein amounts were determined in the A5, A7 and A10, A9 and C mixtures, respectively. The highest cellulase and laccase activities were found in A3 (3.16 IU g-1) and A7 (2164.48 U g-1), respectively.

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) popular as both edible and medicinal, is one of the most cultivated and consumed mushroom species in the world. Cultivation of this mushroom on different agricultural wastes has been experimented in many studies until today. Nevertheless, agricultural waste trials are going on as agricultural production patterns of the countries are different. In this study, volatile aroma composition of shiitake mushroom produced on different agricultural wastes (wheat stalk, wheat bran, peanut shell, corn cob and vine pruning waste) was compared. Oak sawdust was selected as control because of its common use in literature and substrate materials were mixed at different ratios. In addition, some substrate mixtures were prepared with poplar sawdust. Volatile compounds of the shiitake mushroom were determined by using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). At the end of study, 41 volatile compounds were detected and dimethyl trisulfide, benzaldehyde, dimethyl disulfide, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were found to be dominant volatile components. Flavour and fragrance of mushrooms are dependent on many volatile aroma compounds and their proportions. While the concentration of eight-carbon components and hydrocarbons was found the highest by using wood straw, amount of sulphur containing compounds and alcohols increased by agricultural wastes in this study. In addition, corn waste positively affected aldehyde compounds.

Çalışma süresince, gıda güvenliğini tehdit eden ağır metallerin in vitro koşullarda biber (Capsicum annum) bitkisinin gelişimi üzerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, beş farklı konsantrasyonda yedi değişik ağır metal, MS (Murashige ve Skoog 1962) besin ortamına eklenmiştir. Kullanılan ağır metaller kadmiyum, kobalt, nikel, alüminyum, kurşun, krom, bakırdır. İçerisinde hiç ağır metal bulunmayan ortam kontrol grubu olarak seçilmiş ve diğer ortamlar 100 µM, 200 µM, 300 µM, 400 µM ve 500 µM konsantrasyonunda ağır metal içerecek şekilde hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma süresince, tohum gelişimi, yaprak sayısı, kök uzunluğu ve sürgün uzunluğu parametreleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, artan konsantrasyonlarda kobaltın tohum gelişiminden başlayarak, yaprak sayısı, kök gelişimi ve sürgün gelişimi üzerinde durdurucu etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Nikelin 500 µM konsantrasyonu tohum gelişimini olumlu etkilerken, yaprak sayısı, kök gelişimi ve sürgün gelişimini olumsuz etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır. Alüminyumun aynı şekilde 500 µM konsantrasyonu tohum gelişimini olumsuz etkileyerek kök oluşumunu engellemiştir. Kök gelişimi sağlanamadığı için tohumların sürgün ve yaprak oluşumu gerçekleşmemiştir. 300 µM bakırın tohum gelişimini teşvik ettiği, kök ve sürgün gelişimini ise engellediği tespit edilmiştir. Kromun 500 µM konsantrasyonu tohum gelişimi açısından faydalı olmuştur. Yaprak sayısı, kök ve sürgün gelişimi açısından, kromun artan konsantrasyonları, hiç krom içermeyen kontrol grubuyla kıyaslandığında aralarında fark bulunmamıştır. Krom ağır metalinin biber bitkisinde büyüme ve gelişmeyi etkilemediği önemli bir sonuçtur. Kurşunun artan konsantrasyonlarına bitki içerisinde bulunduğu fizyolojik büyüme dönemine göre farklı tepkiler vermiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, ağır metallerin zarar boyutunun bitkinin içerisinde bulunduğu gelişme dönemine, ağır metalin cinsine ve ortamda bulunan konsantrasyonuna göre farklılık gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur.

Aims: In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different agricultural wastes on yield and quality of the Pleurotus eryngii culture, which has very limited production in Turkey.Methods and Results: Spawn of P. eryngii were inoculated to substrate mixtures; oak sawdust (K), 2 oak sawdust + 1 wheat bran (G1), 2 poplar sawdust + 1 wheat bran (G2), 2 wheat stalk + 1 wheat bran (G3), 1 oak sawdust + 1 poplar sawdust + 1 wheat bran (G4), 1 oak sawdust + 1 wheat stalk + 1 wheat bran (G5), 2 peanut shell + 1 wheat bran (G6), 2 corn cob + 1 wheat bran (G7), 2 vine pruning waste +1 wheat bran (G8), 1 peanut shell + 1 oak sawdust + 1 wheat bran (G9), 1 corn cob + 1 oak sawdust + 1 wheat bran (G10), 1 vine pruning waste +1 oak sawdust + 1 wheat bran (G11). As a result of the study, while the shortest mycelia development time was recorded in G6 and G9 with 17 days, the longest time was in G4 medium with 30 days. The highest and the lowest yield were obtained from G6 and G3 with 171.14 g kg-1 bag and 53.26 g kg-1 respectively. While the highest biological efficiency was found in G9 with 44.86%,the lowest value was recorded in G3 with 17.34%. Conclusions: In yield, biological efficiency and mycelia development time, G6 and G9 mediums were found to be better than the others. When considering the importance of yield, biological efficiency and mycelia development time for producers, the success of peanut shell in P. eryngii culture is noteworthy.Significance and Impact of the Study: When common peanut culture in the Çukurova Region of Türkiye is considered, it is an important result that the waste of this plant can be used in the mushroom cultivation.

PurposeSocial interaction has a vital role in the healthy development of children. Growing up without a family for children – who are called “children in need of protection” (CNP) in this study – can cause developmental disorders. Social interaction with their peers and with society is important for their well-being, as well as for the whole society. So, for the good of both, more appropriate and supportive living environments should be produced. In this study, the authors will try to answer the question: How do environmental factors affect the social interaction of CNP in outdoor spaces within a village-type settlement?Design/methodology/approachA children's village is chosen as the case area since the children's village typology provides a strong relation between indoor and outdoor spaces. Data are gathered through the review of visual and written materials and systematic observation in order to analyze the issue in a natural setting.FindingsThe output of this study underlays the effects of location, layout and characteristics of residential areas at the neighborhood scale, as well as the spatial, physical and functional factors at the singular-space scale. The intentional social function of the space was found to be the strongest factor in enhancing social interaction.Originality/valueThere are no adequate studies focusing holistically on environmental factors in outdoor living spaces, including spatial, physical and functional dimensions, that affect the social interaction of children in need of protection.

No abstract

Bu çalışmada, ülkemizde neredeyse hiç üretimi yapılmayan bir mantar türü olan Grifola frondosa (maitake mantarı)’nın yetiştiricilik koşullarının ortaya konulması, farklı yetiştiricilik ortamlarının maitake mantarının verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerinin test edilerek, en uygun substrat materyallerinin ve bunların karışım oranlarının belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Tohumluk misellerin elde edilmesinde, WC 828 No’lu ırk, ana kültürün çoğaltılmasında ise Patates Dekstroz Agar (PDA) besin ortamı kullanılmıştır. G. frondosa’nın miselleri; meşe (K), meşe (2 h) + kepek (1 h) (E1), kavak (2 h)+ kepek (1 h) (E2), meşe (1 h) + kavak (1 h) + kepek (1 h) (E3), buğday sapı (1 h) + kepek (1 h) (E4), meşe (1 h) + buğday sapı (1 h) + kepek (1 h) (E5) substrat karışımlarına aşılanmıştır. Çalışmada; yetiştirme ortamlarının pH analizi, nem içeriği, azot, karbon, karbon/azot oranı parametreleri belirlenmiş, misel sarım hızı, verim, biyolojik etkinlik ve ortalama ağırlık açısından ortamlar karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, en kısa misel sarım süresi 35 gün ile E1, en uzun ise 42 gün ile E4 ortamından elde edilmiştir. K, E2 ve E3 karışımlarında misel sarımı gözlemlenmemiştir. Kurutulmuş mantar örneklerinde yapılan protein analizinde; en yüksek protein içeriği %35.53 ile E4 ortamında ve en düşük ise %32.99 ile E5 ortamından elde edilen mantarlarda tespit edilmiştir. Kuru madde E4 ortamında %14.79, E5 ortamında ise %13.57 olmuştur. Mantar ağırlığı ise (tek bir mantar için) E4 ortamında 17.26 g, E5 ortamında ise 33.92 g olarak kaydedilmiştir. Mantar verimi E4 ortamında 55.02 g kg-1 kompost olurken, E5 ortamında 124.82 g kg-1 olarak belirlenmiştir. Biyolojik etkinlik oranının, %22.83 (E4 ortamı)-29.29 (E5 ortamı) arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Substrat karışımlarında yapılan analizlerde ise en yüksek kül oranı (%9.49) ve protein oranı (%8.79) E4 ortamından elde edilmiştir.

Pholiota nameko is commonly consumed in the Far East but not yet known or grown in Türkiye. Therefore, in this study, determination of the cultivation conditions of P. nameko in different substrate mixtures and the effect of these substrates on yield and quality were investigated. In this research, six different substrate mixtures were used: 2 oak sawdust + 1 wheat bran (C), 2 peanut waste + 1 wheat bran (O1), 1 oak sawdust + 1 peanut waste + 1 wheat bran (O2), 2 almond shell + 1 wheat bran (O3), 1 oak sawdust + 1 almond shell + 1 wheat bran (O4), 2 wheat straw + 1 wheat bran (O5) and 1 oak sawdust + 1 wheat stalk + 1 wheat bran (O6). During the study, mycelia development time, biological efficiency rate (BE), total yield, mushroom weight, cap diameter, cap thickness, stipe diameter, stipe length, dry matter, pH and moisture content (in growing mixtures) were determined. pH and moisture content were recorded in three different periods; after sterilization, after mycelia development time and after harvest. As a result of the study, the fastest mycelial growth was obtained from the control group, with 14.25 days. The highest total yield and biological efficiency were obtained from O1 medium with 216.26 g kg-1 and 49.11%, respectively. The highest amount of dry matter was recorded in O4 with 12.23%.