The cultivar of Narince is a native white grape variety of Vitis vinifera, grown in Tokat city, the Mid-Black Sea Region of Anatolia. In this study, the effects of pure and mixed autochthonous Torulaspora delbrueckii-214 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-1088 cultures on the fermentation behavior and aroma compounds of Narince wines were investigated. Volatile compounds formed in wines were extracted using a liquid–liquid extraction method and determined by GC-MS-FID. Narince grape must was fermented in duplicate, under the following three conditions. Two pure cultures of T. delbrueckii-214 and S. cerevisiae-1088 and a mixture of T. delbrueckii-214 and S. cerevisiae-1088 (1:1). The presence of the non-Saccharomyces T. delbrueckii-214 yeast slowed down the fermentation and produced a lower level of ethanol and a higher levels of glycerol and volatile acid. Only the pure culture of T. delbrueckii-214 was unable to finish fermentation. On the other hand, mixed culture fermentation improved the aroma intensity and complexity of wine due to increased levels of higher alcohols and esters. According to sensory analysis, wine fermented with mixed culture was the most preferred wine followed by wine inoculated with pure S. cerevisiae-1088. This study confirms the role of T. delbrueckii in wine aroma and the potential of non-Saccharomyces use in winemaking.

Narince is a native white grape variety of Vitis vinifera L grown in Tokat and produces rich and balanced wines often with a greenish yellow tint and delicate fruity flavour. Fermentation by indigenous yeasts may produce wines with complex oenological properties that are unique to specific region. In this study yeast population during alcoholic fermentation of Narince was investigated. Yeasts were identified by PCR-RFLP analysis of the 5.8 ITS rRNA region and sequence information for the D1/D2 domains of the 26S gene. Eight different species belonging to nine genera were identified as: Hanseniaspora uvarum, Hansenispora guilliermondii, Pichia kluyveri, Metschnikowia spp., Pichia occidentalis, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Candida zemplinina, Lachancea thermotolerance and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Metschnikowia spp., Pichia occidentalis and Pichia kluyveri were identified only in the early stage of fermentation. Selected yeasts tested for their physiological traits, ethanol, SO 2 , temperature, pH tolerance, H 2 S production, killer and enzymatic activity, fermentation rate, flocculation characteristic, foam, volatile acid and volatile compounds production. Among the yeasts, one,Lachancea thermotolerance and four Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain showed remarkable technological properties and results were compared with those obtained by using commercial starter culture.

The effects of spontaneous malolactic fermentation (MLF) and a malolactic starter culture (Oenococcus oeni) on the volatile compounds of Kalecik karası red wines were investigated. The volatile compounds were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction and quantified by GC-MS-flame ionisation detection. Starter cultures of O. oeni had a positive effect in shortening MLF and producing lower volatile acidity. After MLF, the total volatile compounds increased in both the inoculated wines and the spontaneously fermented wine. Ethyl lactate, diethyl succinate and γ-butyrolactone increased upon inoculation with cultures of O. oeni strains PN4 and VP41. MLF increased the diacetyl concentration in all Kalecik karası wines. Strain dependent differences were found in the level of diacetyl, with O. oeni PN4 producing more diacetyl than O. oeni VP41. After MLF, the concentrations of acetoin, 4-ethylguaicol and 4-ethylphenol increased in spontaneously fermented wine compared with wines inoculated with O. oeni. Accordingly, the use O. oeni PN4 is recommended for a controlled MLF to produce better quality Kalecik karası wines.

Abstract.Muscat of Bornova is a white and aromatic native grape variety of Vitis vinifera which is largely predominant in the İzmir-Manisa province of the Aegan region. In this study, the effect of three different terroirs (Kemaliye, Halilbeyli, Menderes) located in İzmir-Manisa province and two different years (2013)(2014) on the terpene compounds of Muscat of Bornova grapes were investigated. The terpene compounds were extracted by using liquid-liquid extraction method and identified and quantified by GC-MS-FID. In 2013 vintage eighteen terpene compounds were identified and quantified. The concentration of total terpene compounds in Muscat of Bornova grapes from Menderes determined 2.1 mg/l, in Halilbeyli 1.3 mg/l and in Kemaliye 1.7 mg/l. In 2014 vintage eighteen terpene compounds were identified and quantified. In 2014 a total concentration of terpene compounds decreased in grapes from Menderes and determined 1.8 mg/L, in Halilbeyli the results were the same as the first vintage and found 1.3 mg/l and in Kemaliye there was an increase with 2.6 mg/l. Among monoterpenes, linalool, α-terpineol, citronellol, nerol and geraniol show significant differences between different terroirs.

Tricholoma anatolicum collected from Turkey is consumed by public and exported to Japan every year. It was previously identified as Tricholoma caligatum until it was recognized as a new species. In the existing literature, there is no information on the aromatic composition of T. anatolicum. Therefore, in this study it was aimed to identify the volatile composition of T. anatolicum together with T. caligatum. Species identification was confirmed using molecular analyses based on ITS rDNA sequencing. Volatile compounds of both mushroom species were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction method and determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-MS-FID). In the two Tricholoma species, 31 volatiles were obtained and grouped in seven chemical classes. The amounts of alcohols, volatile acids and esters were found to be higher in T. anatolicum, whereas the amounts of terpenes were detected as higher in T. caligatum. 1-Octen-3-ol responsible for the mushroom-like odour was only found in T. anatolicum.

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) popular as both edible and medicinal, is one of the most cultivated and consumed mushroom species in the world. Cultivation of this mushroom on different agricultural wastes has been experimented in many studies until today. Nevertheless, agricultural waste trials are going on as agricultural production patterns of the countries are different. In this study, volatile aroma composition of shiitake mushroom produced on different agricultural wastes (wheat stalk, wheat bran, peanut shell, corn cob and vine pruning waste) was compared. Oak sawdust was selected as control because of its common use in literature and substrate materials were mixed at different ratios. In addition, some substrate mixtures were prepared with poplar sawdust. Volatile compounds of the shiitake mushroom were determined by using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). At the end of study, 41 volatile compounds were detected and dimethyl trisulfide, benzaldehyde, dimethyl disulfide, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were found to be dominant volatile components. Flavour and fragrance of mushrooms are dependent on many volatile aroma compounds and their proportions. While the concentration of eight-carbon components and hydrocarbons was found the highest by using wood straw, amount of sulphur containing compounds and alcohols increased by agricultural wastes in this study. In addition, corn waste positively affected aldehyde compounds.

Vitis vinifera cv. Narince is a Turkish native white grape variety. In this study, volatile and sensory properties of Narince wines that are produced with autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) strains and commercial strain were compared. Autochthonous yeast strains 1044 (MG017575), 1088 (MG017577), and 1281 (MG017581) were previously isolated from spontaneous fermentations of Narince grapes. Volatile compounds formed in wines were extracted using a liquid–liquid extraction method and determined by GC-MS-FID. All yeast strains fermented Narince grape juice to dryness. The differences between the volatile profiles of the yeast strains were determined. Wines fermented with autochthonous strains 1281 and 1044 produced a higher amount of acetates and ethyl esters. While the highest concentrations of ethyl hexanoate and hexyl acetate were found in wine fermented with 1044, the highest concentrations of ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, isoamyl acetate, and 2-phenylethyl acetate were found in wine fermented with strain 1281. Also, the highest contents of 2-phenyl ethanol and linalool were found in wine fermented with strain 1281. According to sensory analysis, the wine fermented with 1281 achieved the best scores in floral and fruity attributes, as well as balance and global impression. The data obtained in the present study showed that autochthonous yeast strains affect the final physicochemical composition and sensory profile of Narince wines.

Abstract. Characterization of the phenolic compounds of wines from Muscat of Bornova, a native aromatic white grape variety (Vitis vinifera) grown in the Aegean region of Turkey and the influence of terroir (Menderes, Halilbeyli and Kemaliye subregions) on these compounds were investigated. From Muscat of Bornova growing sub regions, Menderes/İzmir has a typical Mediterranean climate at around 90 m altitude which is located Eagean cost area with a fertile sandy-loamy soil; Halilbeyli/İzmir sub-region is located in inner İzmir, close to Manisa with 115 m altitude with same soil structure of Menderes. Kemaliye/Manisa has a transition climate between Mediterranean and continental climate at about 245 m altitude. Its soil is pale with a distinct amount of lime (~30%) and sandy-loamy, as well. High performance liquid chromatography-diode array dedector (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used for the phenolic compounds analysis. Four flavanols, eight phenolic acids and a flavonol were identified and quantified. It was observed that the total phenolic content in the Halilbeyli sub-region was the highest, followed by the Menderes and Kemaliye sub-regions. Procyanidin B4 was the most abundant flavanol and quercetin-3-O-glucoside was the only flavonol identified in all regions' wines. Sensory analysis was also used to investigate the influences of terroir. Statistically significant (0.05) regional differences were observed. Based upon sensory analysis, the wine obtained from Halilbeyli was darker in color, and had more astringency and bitterness than the others, and was the least popular wine. Kemaliye and Menderes were both preferred due to their better coloring, flavour, less astringency and bitterness attributes. compounds are also responsible for browning reactions in grapes and wines. Phenolic compounds (coumaric acid derivatives, flavans) play an important role in the oxidative reactions stimulated by iron, copper and enzymes, and they also involve aldehydes, amino acids and proteins which can occur in musts and wines causing flavour alterations [3].Soil and climate are the two main factors taken into consideration with regard to the influence on wine quality [5]. The effects of altitude [6], water availability [7], slope [8], and exposure [9] on vine have been evaluated for some important cultivars. However, the influence of the environmental factors on the phenolic characteristics of Muscat of Bornova grown in Turkey has not been studied, yet.The present research analyses the general composition and phenolic profile of the Muscat of Bornova grape variety grown in the Menderes/İzmir and Kemaliye/Manisa sub-regions to determinate the influence of terroir. Materials and methodsChemicals. All chemicals used in this work were of analytical grade. Milli-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA) was used in all the work. HPLC-grade acetonitrile and formic acid were purchased from (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Flavan-3-ols [i.e. (+)-catechin, and (−)-epicatechin], procyanidin dimers (B1 and B2), phenolic acids (gallic,