Indonesian population growth increases the need for food is one of the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.). Increasing the level of consumption is not matched by an increase in production of potatoes. According to data from the Ministry of Agriculture last national potato production data in 2010 was 1,060,805 and in 2011 amounted to 955.48

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Abstract. Andriani D, Revianti S, Prananingrum W. 2020. Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 21: 2521-2525. Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is commonly found in mangroves along the east coast of Surabaya. It can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution and damage in mangrove ecosystems. Studies have reported that A. ilicifolius has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, and hepatoprotective activity due to the chemical compounds in the plant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius and their antifungal and antioxidant activity. The study involved laboratory experiments with a post-test only control group design. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans biofilm was determined using microtiter plates. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical screening used colorimetric methods. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius at 16% and 20% concentration had the same inhibitory effect as nystatin against C. albicans (about 70% inhibition of biofilm). Chemical compounds identified in the extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, tannins, and steroids. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius have strong antioxidant and antifungal activity, and the plant’s phytochemical compounds are potential candidates for antifungal therapy.

Background: Immunosuppressed conditions due to long-term corticosteroid and tetracycline consumption are susceptible to fungal invasion, especially by Candida albicans (C. albicans), that requires treatment of oral candidiasis. Toll like receptor-2 (TLR-2) plays a role in candida recognition. Nystatin is regularly employed for oral candidiasis, but produces certain side-effects. Chloroform extract of Acanthus ilicifolius (A. ilicifolius) leaves represents both a potent inhibitor of C. albicans growth and an antioxidant. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effect of A. ilicifolius leaf chloroform extract and nystatin treatment on TLR-2 expression in oral candidiasis immunosupressed models. Methods: This study constitutes a true experimental investigation incorporating a post test-only control group design. 20 healthy male Rattus novergicus (Wistar), aged 12 weeks and with an average weight of 250g, were immunosuppressed through oral administration of dexamethasoneand tetracycline for a period of 21 days before being induced with C. albicans (ATCC-10231) 6 x 108 for two weeks. The subjects were divided into five groups (n=4/group): healthy (H), no-treatment(P), nystatin treatment(N), A. Ilicifollius (8%) treatment (AI-1) and A. ilicifollius (16%) treatment (AI-2). The subjects were treated for 14 days, with their tongue being subsequently biopsied. TLR-2 expression was subjected to immunohistochemical examination, observed under a microscope (400x magnification) and statistically analyzed (one-way Anova, LSD-test, p<0.05). Results: TLR-2 expression of P (6.25 ± 2.5), N (11.25 ± 0.96), AI-1 (13.00 ± 1.15), AI-2 (12.75 ± 1.7) was higher than H (1.75 ± 0.5). Significant differences existed between N to P, N, AI-1, AI-2; P to N, AI-1 and AI-2 (p<0.05). No significant differences were present between N, AI-1 and AI-2 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A. ilicifolius extract can increase expression of TLR-2 in oral Candidiasis-immunosuppressed models. A. ilicifolius extract produces the same effect in increasing TLR-2 expression when compared to nystatin.

Methanolic extract from the leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius L. (A. ilicifolius L.) is a potent inhibitor of Candida albicans (C. albicans) growth and anti-inflammatory. C. albicans causes oral candidiasis in immunosuppressive condition. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling via p38 appears to discriminate between yeast and hyphal cells of C. albicans. Activation of p38 MAPK by hyphae results in the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. The p38 MAPK activation is known to impair corticosteroid action. The research was conducted to investigate the effect of methanolic extract A. ilicifolius L. treatment of oral candidiasis with the immunosuppressive condition through enhancement of p38 MAPK expression in the epithelial cells. Immunosuppressed conditions were obtained when 16 healthy male Rattus norvergicus (Wistar) was given oral administration of dexamethasone and tetracycline for 14 days and induced with C. albicans (ATCC-10231) 1 McFarland. The subjects were divided into four groups (n = 4/group): immunosuppression (IS), immunosuppression with oral candidiasis without treatment (ISC), immunosuppression with oral candidiasis and nystatin treatment (ISC+N), and immunosuppression with oral candidiasis and A. ilicifolius L. treatment (ISC+AI), and were treated for 14 days. Later, the rats were euthanised, and their tongue were biopsied. The p38 MAPK expression was subjected to immunohistochemical examination, observed under a microscope (400× magnification) and statistically analysed (one-way ANOVA, LSD-test, p < 0.05). The p38 MAPK expression of ISC+AI (36.05 ± 1.54) was higher than IS (26 ± 2.32), ISC (26.4 ± 3.71), IS+N (34.2 ± 0.99). Significant differences existed between ISC+AI and ISC+N to IS and ISC (p < 0.05). No significant differences were present between IS and ISC; ISC+AI and ISC+N (p > 0.05). Therefore, this treatment could enhance p38 MAPK expression in oral candidiasis with the immunosuppressed condition.

Objectives This research aimed to investigate the effect of Anadara granosa (AG) shell’s–Stichopus hermanni scaffold on cluster of differentiation (CD)44 and interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression to decrease osteoclasts in socket healing. Materials and Methods Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups. The lower left incisor was extracted, then given a placebo for group control (K), the treatment group was administered with scaffold from AG shells, and a treatment group with scaffold from blood cockle shell–S. hermanni with the concentration of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6% (AGSH0.4; AGSH0.8; AGSH1.6). We made a bone graft from a combination of AGSH extract using the freeze-dried method. The socket was sutured by silk braid immediately. Third and Seventh days postextraction, animals are killed. CD44 and IL-10 expression were examined with immunohistochemistry, as well as osteoclast was examined with hematoxylin-eosin. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (for CD44 and osteoclast) and Kruskal–Wallis’ test (for IL-10) followed by a post hoc test in which the result of p < 0.05. Results Scaffold from a combination of AGSH increased CD44 expression significantly, which enhanced IL-10 expression thereby decreased the number of osteoclasts in socket healing on days 3 and 7. Conclusion Scaffold of AG shell–S. hermanni with a concentration of 0.8% was effective to enhance CD44 and IL-10 expression to decrease osteoclast in socket healing after tooth extraction.

Abon jamur adalah jenis makanan yang berbentuk serpihan dan kering, terbuat dari jamur tiram yang telah dicampur dengan bumbu dan telah melalui proses penggorengan, abon jamur tersebut diproduksi oleh perusahaan Ailanifood di Kota Malang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat pengaruh atribut produk terhadap keputusan pembelian abon jamur Ailani di kota Malang. Dengan menganalisis atribut-atribut produk yang berpengaruh signifikan dan dominan. Metode penentuan responden menggunakan accidental sampling. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah uji Cochran Q dan Regresi Berganda. Pada uji t variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan yaitu kemasan, kualitas, dan harga, sementara variabel paling dominan terhadap Ailani jamur abon keputusan pembelian adalah atribut harga. Dalam penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa seluruh atribut produk kecuali merk, seperti (kemasan, kualitas, dan harga) berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap keputusan pembelian produk abon jamur ailani.

<p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>Oral candidiasis generally caused by Candida albicans with prevalence of 30-50%. C. Albicans proliferation in the oral cavity was canducted by decreasing immune system of the host. Lymphocytes activation in immune system happened when there is a contact between host cell with cell wall of C. albicans as a result of C. albicans antigen. One of therapy to suppress the Candida infection sistemically is by giving hyperbaric oxygen therapy. <strong>Purpose: </strong>To determine the effects of giving hyperbaric oxygen therapy to the amount of lymphocytes in oral candidiasis immunosuppressed models. <strong>Methods:</strong> This research was post test only control group design. We used 12 wistar rats which were divided into 3 groups(n=4/3): K-(normal/ healthy wistar rats), K+(oral candidiasis immunosuppressed wistar rats), P1(oral candidiasis immunosuppressed wistar rats which were given hyperbaric oxygen therapy 5 days). K+ and P1 groups were immunosuppressed by giving dexamethasone 0,5mg/day/rat orally for 14 days, added with tetrasiklin 1 mg/day/rat. On the 3rd day immunosuppression, the rats were inducted with C.albicans smeared in the dorsum linguae once every two days for 12 days. <strong>Results:</strong> The data were analyzed with one way Anova test and showed significant difference among groups (p&lt;0,05). To show the difference between each groups we used LSD test and showed significant difference (p&lt;0,05) between K+ compared with P1, and K+ compared with K-. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Hyperbaric oxygen therapy gives effect to the amount of lymphocytes in oral candidiasis immunosuppressed models.</em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Oral candidiasis, immunosuppressed, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, lymphocytes</em></p><p> <strong><em>Correspondence</em></strong><strong><em>: </em></strong><em>Agni Febrina Pargaputri</em><em>, Departmen</em><em>t of</em><em> Oral </em><em>Biology </em><em>F</em><em>aculty of</em><em> </em><em>Dentistry</em><em>, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Indonesia. </em><em>Phone:</em><em> 031-5945864, fax: 031-5912191, Email: </em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">agni.febrina</span></em><em><span style="text-decoration: underline;">@hangtuah.ac.id</span></em></p><p> </p>