Porous titanium has long been desired as a bone substitute material because of its ability to reduce the stress shielding in supporting bone. In order to achieve the various pore structures, we have evolved a moldless process combined with a space holder technique to fabricate porous titanium. This study aims to evaluate which pore size is most suitable for bone regeneration using our process. The mixture comprising Ti powder, wax binder and PMMA spacer was prepared manually at 70 °C which depended on the mixing ratio of each group. Group 1 had an average pore size of 60 μm, group 2 had a maximum pore size of 100 μm, group 3 had a maximum pore size of 200 μm and group 4 had a maximum pore size of 600 μm. These specimens were implanted into rabbit calvaria for three and 20 weeks. Thereafter, histomorphometrical evaluation was performed. In the histomorphometrical evaluation after three weeks, the group with a 600 μm pore size showed a tendency to greater bone ingrowth. However, after 20 weeks the group with a pore size of 100 μm showed significantly greater bone ingrowth than the other groups. This study suggested that bone regeneration into porous titanium scaffolds is pore size-dependent, while bone ingrowth was most prominent for the group with 100 μm-sized pores after 20 weeks in vivo.
Abstract. Andriani D, Revianti S, Prananingrum W. 2020. Identification of compounds isolated from a methanolic extract of Acanthus ilicifolius leaves and evaluation of their antifungal and antioxidant activity. Biodiversitas 21: 2521-2525. Acanthus ilicifolius L. (Acanthaceae) is commonly found in mangroves along the east coast of Surabaya. It can be used as an indicator of environmental pollution and damage in mangrove ecosystems. Studies have reported that A. ilicifolius has antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anticancer, antileishmanial, and hepatoprotective activity due to the chemical compounds in the plant. This study aimed to determine the phytochemical compounds in methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius and their antifungal and antioxidant activity. The study involved laboratory experiments with a post-test only control group design. Antifungal activity against Candida albicans biofilm was determined using microtiter plates. Antioxidant activity was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Phytochemical screening used colorimetric methods. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius at 16% and 20% concentration had the same inhibitory effect as nystatin against C. albicans (about 70% inhibition of biofilm). Chemical compounds identified in the extract included flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, tannins, and steroids. Methanolic extracts of A. ilicifolius have strong antioxidant and antifungal activity, and the plant’s phytochemical compounds are potential candidates for antifungal therapy.
Phosphoric acid-etching treatment to the hydroxyapatite (HA) surface can modify the solubility calcium structure. The aim of the present study was to develop phosphate treated porous HA, and the characteristic structures and stimulation abilities of bone formation were evaluated to determine its suitability as a new type of bone graft material. Although the phosphoric acid-etching treatment did not alter the three-dimensional structure, a micrometer-scale rough surface topography was created on the porous HA surface. Compared to porous HA, the porosity of phosphate treated porous HA was slightly higher and the mechanical strength was lower. Two weeks after placement of the cylindrical porous or phosphate treated porous HA in a rabbit femur, newly formed bone was detected in both groups. At the central portion of the bone defect area, substantial bone formation was detected in the phosphate treated porous HA group, with a significantly higher bone formation ratio than detected in the porous HA group. These results indicate that phosphate treated porous HA has a superior surface topography and bone formation abilities in vivo owing to the capacity for both osteoconduction and stimulation abilities of bone formation conferred by phosphoric acid etching.
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