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The binding targets of aptamers, the interaction probing methods, and the main binding forces mediating the interaction have been summarized.

Conventional tumor-targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) face challenges, such as unsatisfied systemic circulation, low targeting efficiency, poor tumoral penetration, and uncontrolled drug release. Recently, tumor cellular molecules-triggered DDSs have aroused great interests in addressing such dilemmas. With the introduction of several additional functionalities, the properties of these smart DDSs including size, surface charge and ligand exposure can response to different tumor microenvironments for a more efficient tumor targeting, and eventually achieve desired drug release for an optimized therapeutic efficiency. This review highlights the recent research progresses on smart tumor environment responsive drug delivery systems for targeted drug delivery. Dynamic targeting strategies and functional moieties sensitive to a variety of tumor cellular stimuli, including pH, glutathione, adenosine-triphosphate, reactive oxygen species, enzyme and inflammatory factors are summarized. Special emphasis of this review is placed on their responsive mechanisms, drug loading models, drawbacks and merits. Several typical multi-stimuli responsive DDSs are listed. And the main challenges and potential future development are discussed.

Virus severely endangers human life and health, and the detection of viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases. Metal-organic framework (MOF), a novel hybrid porous material which is bridged by the metal clusters and organic linkers, has become a promising biosensor platform for virus detection due to its outstanding properties including high surface area, adjustable pore size, easy modification, etc. However, the MOF-based sensing platforms for virus detection are rarely summarized. This review systematically divided the detection platforms into nucleic acid and immunological (antigen and antibody) detection, and the underlying sensing mechanisms were interpreted. The nucleic acid sensing was discussed based on the properties of MOF (such as metal ion, functional group, geometry structure, size, porosity, stability, etc.), revealing the relationship between the sensing performance and properties of MOF. Moreover, antibodies sensing based on the fluorescence detection and antigens sensing based on molecular imprinting or electrochemical immunoassay were highlighted. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and future development of MOF for virus detection were further discussed and proposed. This review will provide valuable references for the construction of sophisticated sensing platform for the detection of viruses, especially the 2019 coronavirus.

Advances in wireless multimedia communication technologies enable new types of pervasive and ubiquitous applications such as mobile health care, environmental monitoring, facility monitoring and traffic surveillance. Among different factors concerned, energy efficiency is one of the most challenging issues in multimedia communication due to the resource constraints, and the requirements for high bandwidth and low transmission delay. In this survey, we provide a broad picture of the stateof-the-art energy efficient techniques that have been proposed in wireless multimedia communication for resource-constrained systems such as wireless sensor networks and mobile devices.Following the essential stages required for multimedia communication, we categorize these techniques into two groups: multimedia compression techniques and multimedia transmission techniques. In the first group, we introduce the state-of-the-art compression algorithms and perform analyses and evaluations on energy efficiency in applying these compression algorithms to resource-constrained multimedia transmission systems. In the second group, we will further categorize the energy efficient transmission techniques into two sub-categories according to their different communication architectures. We review both cross-layer communication, including Unequal Error Protection (UEP), and independent-layer communication, focusing on Routing, MAC, and Physical layer protocols. We present the basic problem statement and objectives of these techniques, and survey multiple potential approaches that have been reported in the literature.Our focus in this survey is to provide insight into different research directions to improve energy efficiency in wireless multimedia communication protocols for future developments.

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