Metal-organic frameworks for virus detection

Abstract

Virus severely endangers human life and health, and the detection of viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated diseases. Metal-organic framework (MOF), a novel hybrid porous material which is bridged by the metal clusters and organic linkers, has become a promising biosensor platform for virus detection due to its outstanding properties including high surface area, adjustable pore size, easy modification, etc. However, the MOF-based sensing platforms for virus detection are rarely summarized. This review systematically divided the detection platforms into nucleic acid and immunological (antigen and antibody) detection, and the underlying sensing mechanisms were interpreted. The nucleic acid sensing was discussed based on the properties of MOF (such as metal ion, functional group, geometry structure, size, porosity, stability, etc.), revealing the relationship between the sensing performance and properties of MOF. Moreover, antibodies sensing based on the fluorescence detection and antigens sensing based on molecular imprinting or electrochemical immunoassay were highlighted. Furthermore, the remaining challenges and future development of MOF for virus detection were further discussed and proposed. This review will provide valuable references for the construction of sophisticated sensing platform for the detection of viruses, especially the 2019 coronavirus.

Recent advances in nanomaterials based biosensors for point of care (PoC) diagnosis of Covid-19 – A minireview

“…Moreover, smartphones could be utilized for color analysis and imaging to promote selective and quantitative detection[ 135 ]. There are studies reported on the application of MOF based biosensors for the detection of viruses including HIV-1, H1N1 and Zika virus[ 147 ]. Despite the ease in detection, more clinical trials are required to commercialize the MOF treated mask for COVID-19 diagnosis.…”

Metal Organic Frameworks as Biosensing Materials for COVID-19

“…The fluorescence of dyes on probes could be quenched by metal ions, such as Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , Zn 2+ , Dy 3+ or coplanar structure via the process of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). 112 , 113 The specific hybridization of probe DNA (P-DNA) with target virus-related nucleic acids sequences could form stable rigid double or triple-stranded DNA structures and would be released from the surface of MOF due to their low affinity toward nanomaterials, leading to efficient recovery of fluorescence. 26 , 41 , 112 , 113 The possible nucleic acid detection mechanism and quenching/recovery processes are depicted in Fig.…”

“…Molecular imprinting technology is antigen detection technology that possesses remarkable advantages of brief and inexpensive preparation and prospective selectivity. 113 The imprinted particles can capture the target virus quickly and show excellent selectivity for viruses because the imprinted sites are generated during imprinting. 73 Although earlier approaches to viruses’ detection using molecular imprinting faced a challenge of large size viruses of 20–900 nm, this can be overcome by finding an imprinted carrier with sufficient surface area for providing additional imprinting sites.…”

“…Electrochemical immunoassay has many advantages, including good reproducibility, high sensitivity, low cost, fast and accurate analysis, which has attracted widespread attention in virus detection. 113 …”

An Overview of Bio-Inspired Intelligent Imprinted Polymers for Virus Determination

“…Denzili group reviewed various bio-sensing strategies for virus detection methods [ 16 ]. On the other hand, one interesting review appeared about the utilization of metal-organic frameworks for virus detection, particularly focusing on the coronavirus determination [ 17 ].…”