Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) is a potential alternative therapeutic approach to knock down the overexpression of genes in several disorders especially cancers with underlying genetic dysfunctions. For silencing of specific genes involved in cell cycle, small/short interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNAs) are being used clinically. The siRNA-based RNAi is more efficient, specific and safe antisense technology than other RNAi approaches. The route of siRNA administration for siRNA therapy depends on the targeted site. However, certain hurdles like poor stability of siRNA, saturation, off-target effect, immunogenicity, anatomical barriers and non-targeted delivery restrict the successful siRNA therapy. Thus, advancement of an effective, secure, and long-term delivery system is prerequisite to the medical utilization of siRNA. Polycationic nanocarriers mediated targeted delivery system is an ideal system to remove these hurdles and to increase the blood retention time and rate of intracellular permeability. In this chapter, we will mainly discuss the different biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic (organic, inorganic and hybrid) nanocarriers that encapsulate and shield the siRNA from the different harsh environment and provides the increased systemic siRNA delivery.

Background: In the last few years, the use of modified Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) for theranostics (therapeutic and diagnosis) applications is a new and rapidly growing area in pharmacy and medical fields. Owing to this, their specific physicochemical behaviors like high stability, drug loading, surface area to volume ratio, with low toxicity and immunogenicity are mainly responsible to be considered those as smart nanomaterials. Objective: This review describes the different dimensions of carbon-based nanocarriers including 0-D fullerene, 1-D Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), and 2-D graphene and Graphene Oxide (GO) and their surface modification with different biocompatible and biodegradable molecules via covalent or non-covalent functionalization. The major focus of this article is on the different theranostics applications of CNMs like targeted drugs and genes delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, bioimaging, and biosensing. The therapeutic efficacy of drugs could be enhanced by delivering them directly on a specific site using different targeted ligands such as vitamins, peptide, carbohydrates, proteins, etc. A section of the article also discusses the toxicity of the CNMs to the living systems. Conclusion: In brief, this review article discusses the numerous theranostics applications and toxicities of CNMs.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

A BSTRACT Introduction: Regeneration, in the field of endodontics, is the process of restoring and maintaining both architectural form and biological functions of damaged tooth. Presently, regenerative endodontics is not hypothetical and is an alternative to conventional apexification procedures. There is a deficient knowledge concerning the role of intracanal medicaments and their effect on dental stem cells. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used intracanal medicaments on the viability of dental stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs). Materials and Methods: SCAPs were cultured and subjected to various concentrations including triple antibiotic paste, double antibiotic paste, Augmentin, and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2 ). Viable percentage of stem cell counts was obtained 3 days after treatment. Results: All three antibiotics used hereby significantly decreased SCAP cell survival at particular concentrations, whereas Ca(OH) 2 showed stimulating effect on SCAP survival. Conclusion: As per results obtained within limitations of this study, use of Ca(OH) 2 in regenerative endodontics in comparison to different commonly used antimicrobial combinations is recommended. Hereby, for clinical use, we suggest adequate concentrations of antimicrobials with adequate antibacterial efficacy should be used.

No abstract