Standard bandshift reactions (Fig. 3a) utilized 32 P-labelled`BH' probes that contained three CpG sites (underlined below) whose methylation/mismatch status was varied. The BH probes used in Fig. 3c were 59TCAGATTCGCGCZGGCTGCGATAAGCTGZGCGGATCCZGGGAATTCAGCT39 39AGTCTAAGCGCGGYCGACGCTATTCGACGYGCCTAGGGYCCTTAAGTCGA59 where Y C, m 5 C, T or U, and Z C or m 5 C (see underlined dinucleotides). The three CpG sites were identically modi®ed/mismatched within each probe. Binding reactions were carried out at room temperature for 30 min in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 25 mM NaCl, 10 mM b-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM EDTA, 4% glycerol, 1% digitonin and 50 ng sonicated E. coli DNA. The glycosylase reaction does not occur under these conditions (data not shown). Complexes were electrophoresed through 6% polyacrylamide gels in 0:5 3 TBE at 4 8C.Complexes formed under conditions favourable to the glycosylase reaction (Fig. 3b, c) utilized the¯uorescent or 32 P-labelled JJ oligonucleotide (see above) as a probe. In standard gel-retardation reactions, 200 nM protein was incubated with 66 nM labelled oligonucleotide substrate and 333 nM unlabelled homoduplex oligonucleotide in 50 mM Tris±HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, 5% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA at 37 8C for 20 min. The samples were electrophoresed immediately through a 6% native 0:5 3 TBE polyacrylamide gel for 45 min at 100 V. A probe with an abasic site was generated by treatment of oligonucleotide JJ containing a MG×UG mismatch with the enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase.

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This review chronicles the exploration of the curcumin in terms of development of analogues for the anticancer activity over the last century. Curcumin is a natural phytochemical obtained from dried root and rhizome of Turmeric (Curcuma Longa). It has been shown to interfere with multiple cell signaling pathways, including apoptosis (activation of caspases and downregulation of antiapoptotic gene products), proliferation (HER-2, EGFR, and AP-1), angiogenesis (VEGF), and inflammation (NF-kappaB, TNF, IL-6, IL-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX). In the last decade it has been much explored and various synthetic analogues have been prepared and evaluated for various pharmacological activities. Most of the analogues have shown very good anticancer activity in various models and various cell lines. However, some analogues have also shown antioxidant, anti-HIV, antimutagenic, antiangiogenic, antimalarial, antitubercular, antiandrogenic, COX inhibitory activities. Few analogues have shown very potent results and may be considered as clinical candidates for the development of future anticancer agent. This review contains 728 curcumin analogues and covers the literature from 1815 to mid 2009 and 93 references are cited.

The sintering kinetics and microstructural evolution of alumina tubes (ϳ17 mm length, ϳ9 mm inner diameter, and ϳ11 mm outer diameter) were studied by conventional and microwave heating at 2.45 GHz. Temperature during microwave heating was measured with an infrared pyrometer and was calibrated to ؎10°C. With no hold at sintering temperature, microwave-sintered samples reached 95% density at 1350°C versus 1600°C for conventionally heated samples. The activation energy for microwave sintering was 85 ؎ 10 kJ/mol, whereas the activation energy for conventionally sintered samples was 520 ؎ 14 kJ/mol. Despite the difference in temperature, grains grew from ϳ1.0 m at 86% density to ϳ2.6 m at 98% density for both conventionally sintered and microwave-sintered samples. The grain size/density trajectory was independent of the heating source. It is concluded that the enhanced densification with microwave heating is not a consequence of fast-firing and therefore is not a result in the change in the relative rates of surface and grain boundary diffusion in the presence of microwave energy. Fig. 7. Grain growth trajectories of microwave-sintered and conventionally sintered samples.

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