Full sintering of powdered-metal bodies in a microwave field

Abstract

Standard bandshift reactions (Fig. 3a) utilized 32 P-labelled`BH' probes that contained three CpG sites (underlined below) whose methylation/mismatch status was varied. The BH probes used in Fig. 3c were 59TCAGATTCGCGCZGGCTGCGATAAGCTGZGCGGATCCZGGGAATTCAGCT39 39AGTCTAAGCGCGGYCGACGCTATTCGACGYGCCTAGGGYCCTTAAGTCGA59 where Y C, m 5 C, T or U, and Z C or m 5 C (see underlined dinucleotides). The three CpG sites were identically modi®ed/mismatched within each probe. Binding reactions were carried out at room temperature for 30 min in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 25 mM NaCl, 10 mM b-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM EDTA, 4% glycerol, 1% digitonin and 50 ng sonicated E. coli DNA. The glycosylase reaction does not occur under these conditions (data not shown). Complexes were electrophoresed through 6% polyacrylamide gels in 0:5 3 TBE at 4 8C.Complexes formed under conditions favourable to the glycosylase reaction (Fig. 3b, c) utilized the¯uorescent or 32 P-labelled JJ oligonucleotide (see above) as a probe. In standard gel-retardation reactions, 200 nM protein was incubated with 66 nM labelled oligonucleotide substrate and 333 nM unlabelled homoduplex oligonucleotide in 50 mM Tris±HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, 5% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA at 37 8C for 20 min. The samples were electrophoresed immediately through a 6% native 0:5 3 TBE polyacrylamide gel for 45 min at 100 V. A probe with an abasic site was generated by treatment of oligonucleotide JJ containing a MG×UG mismatch with the enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase.

Application of a novel microwave plasma treatment for the sintering of nickel oxide coatings for use in dye-sensitized solar cells

“…Advantages of non-plasma microwave processing over furnace treatment are reported to include finer grain sizes, rounded porosity and higher ductility and toughness [29]. Increased shrinkage rates and decreased grain sizes can be achieved with microwave plasma treatments compared with furnace sintering [30][31][32].…”

Microwave Synthesis, Extraction, Improvement and Degradation in Oil Chemistry

“…Generally speaking, there exist three types of heating by microwaves: i dielectric heating; ii conduction loss heating, and; iii magnetic loss heating. For instance, induction heating by the microwaves magnetic field is expected to occur in catalyzed reactions involving solids, an example being the rapid induction heating of magnetite Fe 3 O 4 but not hematite Fe 2 O 3 as the latter is not a magnetic material 9 . The thermal energy P produced per unit volume originating from microwave radiation is given by Equation 1:…”

Surface-plasmon-like modes of graphite powder compact in microwave heating

“…Microwave sintering of metal powders has received great interest since a study by Roy et al in 1999. 1 According to their reports, microwave heating can produce metal sintered compacts that differ from conventional ones due to non-equilibrium temperatures on a microscale.…”

“…1 According to their reports, microwave heating can produce metal sintered compacts that differ from conventional ones due to non-equilibrium temperatures on a microscale. Louzguine et al 2 synthesized CuZr glass with a high density by utilizing rapid microwave heating.…”