Standard bandshift reactions (Fig. 3a) utilized 32 P-labelled`BH' probes that contained three CpG sites (underlined below) whose methylation/mismatch status was varied. The BH probes used in Fig. 3c were 59TCAGATTCGCGCZGGCTGCGATAAGCTGZGCGGATCCZGGGAATTCAGCT39 39AGTCTAAGCGCGGYCGACGCTATTCGACGYGCCTAGGGYCCTTAAGTCGA59 where Y C, m 5 C, T or U, and Z C or m 5 C (see underlined dinucleotides). The three CpG sites were identically modi®ed/mismatched within each probe. Binding reactions were carried out at room temperature for 30 min in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.9, 25 mM NaCl, 10 mM b-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM EDTA, 4% glycerol, 1% digitonin and 50 ng sonicated E. coli DNA. The glycosylase reaction does not occur under these conditions (data not shown). Complexes were electrophoresed through 6% polyacrylamide gels in 0:5 3 TBE at 4 8C.Complexes formed under conditions favourable to the glycosylase reaction (Fig. 3b, c) utilized the¯uorescent or 32 P-labelled JJ oligonucleotide (see above) as a probe. In standard gel-retardation reactions, 200 nM protein was incubated with 66 nM labelled oligonucleotide substrate and 333 nM unlabelled homoduplex oligonucleotide in 50 mM Tris±HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM DTT, 5% glycerol, 1 mM EDTA at 37 8C for 20 min. The samples were electrophoresed immediately through a 6% native 0:5 3 TBE polyacrylamide gel for 45 min at 100 V. A probe with an abasic site was generated by treatment of oligonucleotide JJ containing a MG×UG mismatch with the enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase.

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The electrocaloric effect (ECE) was directly measured in a relaxor ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)) terpolymer. It was observed that the temperature dependence of ECE of the terpolymer films depends critically on the film preparation conditions. While the uniaxially stretched terpolymer films show pronounced temperature dependence of ECE, the non-stretched films exhibit nearly temperature independent ECE from 5 °C to 45 °C. Such a difference is likely caused by the changes in possible polar states and polar-correlation range by film stretching. Besides, large ECE (T > 15 °C) can be induced in both films at 30 °C and 150 MV/m.

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