Plak gigi terbentuk oleh biofilm yang menutupi permukaan gigi. Biofilm merupakan lapisan lendir yang terdiri dari jutaan sel bakteri, saliva dan sisa makanan. Ketika pembentukan biofilm tidak terkendali, maka akan dengan mudah menebal di permukaan gigi yang disebut dengan plak. Biofilm ini merupakan tempat yang baik untuk kolonisasi dan pertumbuhan berbagai jenis bakteri salah satunya adalah bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Bakteri S. mutans dapat membentuk koloni yang melekat erat pada permukaan gigi dan merupakan bakteri kariogenik yang mampu memfermentasikan sukrosa (karbohidrat) menjadi asam, menurunkan pH permukaan gigi dan menyebabkan mineralisasi gigi. Sehingga untuk pengendalian bakteri tersebut digunakan sediaan yang mengandung antibakteri, salah satunya dari bahan alam yaitu kecombrang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak batang Etlingera elatior yang diekstraksi oleh pelarut berdasarkan perbedaan tingkat kepolaran. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu untuk ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, etanol 20, 40, 60 dan 80%, kontrol positif minosep dan kontrol negatif (DMSO). Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa tanaman E. elatior mengandung metabolit sekunder flavonoid, tanin, saponin, triterpenoid dan alkaloid. Ekstrak etil asetat memiliki aktivitas antibakteri kategori kuat terhadap S.
Ethyl acetate extract of gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff) has very strong antioxidant activity. The aims of this study are to separate and characterize the active fraction of antioxidants and determine the antioxidant activity quantitatively. Ethyl acetate extract of B. macrophylla was separated by gravity column chromatography. Fraction separating was guided with qualitative testing of antioxidant activity. Active fraction result of separation was characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy and quantitatively analyzed antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Naringenin and luteolin were identified in the D-2 fraction which had very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 2.13 ppm. The hydroxyl group OH group of naringenin and luteolin compounds was thought to play a role in the reduction of free radicals.
Kulit merupakan organ terbesar yang melindungi tubuh dari berbagai trauma seperti radiasi termal, kimia, dan ultraviolet. Biosintesis melanin yaitu perubahan senyawa dari L-Tirosin (4-hydroxyphenylalanine) menjadi L-DOPA (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) dengan bantuan enzim tirosinase. Fenolik dan flavonoid dilaporkan secara signifikan dapat mempengaruhi penghambatan aktivitas tirosinase. Fenolik dan flavonoid diduga terkandung dalam buah Syzygium cumini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kadar fenolik dan flavonoid serta mengetahui aktivitas inhibisi enzim tirosinase dari freeze dry jus buah S. cumini. Metode yang digunakan pada penetapan kadar fenolik dan flavonoid menggunakan metode spektrofotometri UV-Vis serta uji inhibisi enzim tirosinase dengan secara in vitro meggunakan ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay) Freeze dry jus buah S.cumini mengandung fenolik total sebesar 0,13155 mg GAE/g dan flavonoid total 37,333 mgQE/g. Freeze dry jus buah S. cumini memiliki potensi sebagai inhibitor enzim tirosinase pada 31,25 ppm (14,846%), 62,5 ppm (16,246%), 125 ppm (19,238%), 250 ppm (22,059%), 500 ppm (25,665%), 1000 ppm (32,283%) dan 2000 ppm (44,188%).
Herba ketumpang air (Peperomia pellucida L) mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, dan steroid yang diduga berkhasiat sebagai antihiperkolesterolemia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak P. pellucida sebagai antihiperkolesterolemia secara in vitro dan mengkarakterisasi fraksi aktifnya. Ekstraksi menggunakan metode ultrasonikasi dengan pelarut organik secara bertingkat yaitu n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Fraksi n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol diuji aktivitas penurunan kolesterol secara in vitro dengan metode fotometri, kolesterol direaksikan dengan pereaksi Lieberman-Burchard kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Fraksi yang memiliki aktivitas terbaik dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometer (LCMS). Fraksi etil asetat memiliki aktivitas penurunan kadar kolesterol paling baik dengan nilai nilai EC50 sebesar 196,43 ppm. Berdasarkan uji fitokimia fraksi aktif etil asetat mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, dan steroid. Hasil analisis LCMS fraksi etil asetat pada waktu retensi 4,97; 7,82; dan 10,80 diduga mengandung senyawa aktif golongan flavonoid yaitu velutin, casticin, dan dihidrocalkon.
Background: Kidney stones are one of the causes of chronic and acute kidney failure symptoms. The flavonoid compounds in Chromolaena odorata leave extract are thought to dissolve calcium in kidney stones. Objective: This study aims to determine the activity of Chromolaena odorata leaves extract as a laxative for calcium kidney stones and to characterize the active extract with a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry. Methods: The leaves of Chromolaena odorata were extracted by ultrasonication method using 3 solvents in stages, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The powder for kidney stones was immersed in an extract solution of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol for 5 hours at 37° C. The reaction results were analyzed for their absorbance using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The fraction with the best activity was analyzed for phytochemical content with various typical reagents and LCMS. Results: Methanol extract of Chromolaena odorata has a better effect in dissolving calcium kidney stones. Methanol extract of Chromolaena odorata can reduce calcium in kidney stones with an EC50 value of 16801 µg/mL. Based on phytochemical tests and LCMS analysis, the methanol extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves contains compounds of the tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and steroids. Chromatogram at a retention time of 7.76; 8.96; and 10.01 in the methanol extract of Chromolaena odorata identified 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxy-8,3'-dimethoxyflavone; 5,7,4’-trihydroxy-3’,5’-dimethoxyflavone, and 5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone compounds. Conclusion: Methanol extract had the best calcium decay activity in kidney stones with an EC50 value of 16801 µg/mL. 3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxy-8,3'-dimethoxyflavone; 5,7,4’-trihydroxy-3’,5’-dimethoxyflavone, and 5,6,7,8,4'-pentamethoxyflavone compounds are contained in methanol extract which is thought to play a role in shedding calcium in kidney stones.
Liquid soap is an important cosmetic product for the community because it is used in everyday life. Liquid soap is made through a saponification reaction from oil or fat which is reacted with alkalis. Betel nut (Areca catechu L.) contains flavonoid compounds that have antiseptic properties and alkaloid compounds that act as bacteria inhibitors. Objective: This study aims to formulate liquid soap with the addition of Areca catechu L. extract to test the antimicrobial activity of formulated soap preparations. Method: The research design was in the form of an experimental method, namely by extracting the simplicia Areca catechu L. with the maceration method to obtain a thick extract of Areca catechu L. Evaluation of the quality of the soap included pH and high foam. Antimicrobial activity testing used the good method against liquid soap formulation and positive control. The microbe tested was Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria). Result: The test results of the quality of the liquid soap formulation showed that the pH of the test soap was 10 and the positive control pH was 9 and the foam height had good results, namely 1-2cm, and had met SNI 06-4085-1996 standards. The results showed that formulation III with an extract content of 10% had great antimicrobial activity on the microbe Staphylococcus aureus with a value of 20.66mm. In the positive control, the antimicrobial activity showed a value of 15.21mm. at a concentration of 5%, the inhibition diameter was 14.77mm and the concentration was 7.5%, the inhibition diameter was 15.77mm. The results of statistical analysis using the One-Way ANOVA method followed by Post hoc analysis showed that the liquid soap extract of Areca catechu L. had greater antimicrobial potential than the positive control. Conclusion: Liquid soap formulation with the addition of thick extract Areca catechu L with a concentration of 10% has the greatest antimicrobial activity compared to the concentration of 5%, 7.5%, and positive control X.
Alpha Hydroxy Acid (AHA) adalah asam organik yang terdiri dari 2 (dua) rantai karbon atau lebih yang semakin panjang rantai karbonnya akan semakin besar berat molekulnya. AHA adalah kelas senyawa kimia yang sering digunakan dalam kosmetik dan dermatologi. Beberapa buah dilaporkan mengandung senyawa AHA yaitu, asam sitrat dalam buah jeruk dan nanas, asam glikolat dalam tebu, asam laktat dalam tomat, asam malat dalam apel dan anggur, dan asam tartrat dalam anggur. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menetapkan kadar AHA yang terkandung dalam buah ceremai (Phyllanthus acidus L.) dengan menggunakan metode Kromatografi Cair Kinerja Tinggi (KCKT). Sari buah P.acidus dikeringkan dengan metode pengeringan beku. Kemudian senyawa AHA dalam ekstrak kering P.acidus yaitu asam glikolat dan asam sitrat dianalisis menggunakan KCKT dengan jenis kolom Capcell PAK C18 UG120S-5mm(4,6 X 250 mm); detektor UV Vis 210 nm; kecepatan alir 0,5 ml/menit; fase gerak asam fosfat dan asetonitril. Hasil penetapan kadar menunjukkan bahwa kadar asam glikolat dan asam sitrat masing-masing adalah 27,8 % dan 39,8 %.
Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff) is a typical Asian plant that is commonly found in In-donesia with various secondary metabolite compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid and ter-penoid. The purpose of this study was to isolate secondary metabolites from the stem extract of B. macrophylla and determine their activity against cancer cells MCF-7, A549, MDA-MB 231 and HCC-1954. The isolation of the compounds was conducted using various chromatographic techniques, the determination of the chemical structure of the isolates was performed using physicochemical methods including mass spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance, the determination of anticancer activity was carried out using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) i.e. MCF-7 and A549 cell lines; and dimetiltiazol-2-il) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) for MDA-MB 231 and HCC-1954 cell lines. Four compounds namely stigmasterol (1), fustin (2), garbanzol (3) and methyl galat (4) were successfully isolated from the stem extract of B. macrophylla, which was obtained from Serang Regency, Indonesia. These compounds were then tested their anticancer activity against the cancer cells of Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), human alveolar epithelial cells (A549), human breast cancer cell line-1954 (HCC-1954) and M.D. Anderson-Metastatic Breast-231 (MDA-MB-231). The results of anticancer test indicated that based on the IC50 values for all compounds tested, the compounds 2 and 4 were more active on HCC-1954 cell with IC50 values of 134.35 ± 44.62 and 153.69 ± 12.54 µg/mL, respectively, while the compound 3 was found to be the most active against MDA-MB-231 cell line with IC50 value of 233.41 ± 91.57 µg/mL
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