No abstract

<p>Gelatin, a proteinaceous additive, is obtained from hydrolysis of collagen in the bone, hide and skin of animals. As natural product, gelatin has been applied in many industries with various functions. This study attempt to characterize gelatin profile of broiler chicken (<em>Gallus domestica</em>) using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The chicken bone was pretreated using a strong base, sodium hydroxide, producing type B gelatin. The gelatin was purified through precipitation using the variation of ammonium sulfate concentrations (40-70%) and dialysis using cellophane membrane. The purified gelatin was characterized through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Based on electrophoresis visualization, reduction of band intensity by ammonium sulfate 40% showed removal of small peptide fragments. The remained gelatin showed two major bands, α-chains and a β-chain with the respective molecular weight of ~135 and ~245 kDa. The protein content of the unpurified gelatin (E1) was 71.65±0.60 mg/L.  The purified E1 gelatins by 40-70% of ammonium sulfate addition contained 61.42±3.90, 60.45±1.36, 59.89±0.24, and 55.32±1.05 mg/L of protein concentration, respectively.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: chicken bone, gelatin profile, protein electrophoresis</p>

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu Terms of use: Documents in WIDER Working Paper 2016/59Is feed-in-tariff policy effective for increasing deployment of renewable energy in Indonesia?Dewi Yuliani* May 2016In partnership with * Independent Researcher, Indonesia; deyul.2013@gmail.com. This study has been prepared within the UNU-WIDER project on 'The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions'. Copyright © UNU-WIDER 2016Information and requests: publications@wider.unu.edu ISSN 1798-7237 ISBN 978-92-9256-102-4 Typescript prepared by Lesley Ellen.The United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research provides economic analysis and policy advice with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. The Institute began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first research and training centre of the United Nations University. Today it is a unique blend of think tank, research institute, and UN agency-providing a range of services from policy advice to governments as well as freely available original research.The Institute is funded through income from an endowment fund with additional contributions to its work programme from Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Katajanokanlaituri 6 B, 00160 Helsinki, FinlandThe views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute or the United Nations University, nor the programme/project donors. Abstract:To accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies and to secure the electricity supply, the Government of Indonesia has issued several feed-in-tariff regulations for various renewable energy sources, which were previously predominated by pilot projects using government funding. The feed-in tariff is a policy instrument that has been successfully applied in many other countries to support renewable electricity, and it is known for its simplicity in implementation. This study undertakes exploratory research to evaluate how the policy works in Indonesia, not only as stated in official reports, but also in the field. The study's results show that while the policy triggers investment interest in renewable power plants, there are many obstacles encountered at the deployment stage due to imperfections in the feed-in-tariff policy package and some non-cost factors. In addition, several unanticipated side effects were identified at the local level as a consequence of the upturn in investment interest. The study indicat...

AbstrakGelatin yang beredar di Indonesia sebagian besar diperoleh dari impor yang kemungkinan besar berasal dari tulang atau kulit babi. Selain dari tulang babi, gelatin dapat diproduksi dari tulang hewan yang halal seperti sapi, ikan atau ayam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman dalam larutan asam klorida (HCl) dan variasi konsetrasi HCl terhadap produksi gelatin halal dari tulang ayam broiler. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama, pembuatan gelatin dengan variasi lama perendaman 12, 24, 36 dan 48 jam dalam HCl 5 %. Tahap kedua pembuatan gelatin dengan variasi konsentrasi HCl 3, 4, 5, 6 dan 7 % dengan lama perendaman optimal dari tahap sebelumnya. Karakterisasi produk gelatin dilakukan parameter uji kualitas gelatin dengan menentukan kadar air, kadar abu, derajat keasaman (pH), kekuatan gel, dan stabilitas emulsi dan kadar protein. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama perendaman dengan HCl pada poduksi gelatin tulang ayam broiler menghasilkan rendemen 7,89-10,21 %. Lama perendaman terbaik adalah 12 jam dengan rendemen 10,21 %, kadar air 8,00 %, kadar abu 11,50 %, dan pH 3,00. Sedangkan konsentrasi terbaik adalah 6 % yang dengan rendemen 3,68 %, kadar air 11,78 %, kadar abu 1,52 %, pH 4,78, kekuatan gel 9,8 N, stabilitas emulsi 63,39 % dan kadar protein 75,31 %. Kata kunci: gelatin halal; HCl, lama perendaman; konsentrasi: tulang ayam broiler Abstract Optimization of Halal Gelatin Production from Broiler Chicken Bones (Gallus domesticus) with Variations in Immersion Time and Hydrochloric Acid Concentration. Gelatin in Indonesia isgenerally obtained from imported product containing bone or pig skin. On the other hand, gelatin can be produced from halal sources such as cattle, fish or chickens. This study aims to determine the effect of curing time and HCl concentration variationon halal gelatin production from broiler chicken bone. This research was conducted in two stages.In the first stage, gelatin production with variation of curing time (12, 24, 36 and 48 hours) and in the second stage, gelatin production with variation of HCl concentration (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7%). Parameters in gelatin characterization are yield, moisture content, ash content, protein content, pH, gel strength, and emulsion stability. The results showed that the highest yield in gelatin production was 10.21% in 12 hours of curing time. Water content, ash content,

provides economic analysis and policy advice with the aim of promoting sustainable and equitable development. The Institute began operations in 1985 in Helsinki, Finland, as the first research and training centre of the United Nations University. Today it is a unique blend of think tank, research institute, and UN agency-providing a range of services from policy advice to governments as well as freely available original research.

Broiler chicken [Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)] bone is one of the alternative sources of collagen to form gelatin. This research was attempted to extract and characterize broiler chicken bone gelatin. Chicken bones were pretreated with phosphoric acid in various concentrations and curing times. The concentration of phosphoric acid was 8 %, 9 % and 10 %, while the curing time was 12 h and 24 h. Then, gelatin was extracted and physicochemical properties examined. Gelatin was pretreated by phosphoric acid 9 % for 24 h produced the best physicochemical properties with (15.4 ± 0.94) % of yield. Moisture, ash content, and pH of chicken bones gelatin were (3.96 ± 1.46) %, (24.0 ± 6.36) %, and (5.74 ± 0.003) %, respectively. Other physiochemical properties were (372.29 ± 4.62) g bloom of gel strength, (54.21 ± 1.24) % of protein content, and (60.21 ± 0.72) % of emulsion stability. Infrared spectra of chicken bones gelatin had the most with vibration peak at the wave number of 1 639 cm −1 to the amide I, of 1 545 cm −1 to the amide II, of 1 129 cm −1 to the amide III, of 2 292 cm −1 to the amide B, and 3 456 cm −1 to the amide A.

Chlorella sp. is a prospective steroids source which is potentially applied in pharmaceutical field. The aim of this research was to isolate and determine the toxicity and antioxidant activity of steroids compounds in petroleum ether (PE) fraction. Chlorella sp. was cultivated in 4% of sprout extract medium and extracted by maceration using methanol solvent. The methanol extract was partitioned with petroleum ether and the fraction was identified by LC-MS to know the type of steroids compound. The PE fraction contained steroids was separated with preparative thin layer chromatography (Preparative TLC) and column chromatography. The toxicity level and antioxidant assay of steroids isolates was determined by BSLT and DPPH method, respectively. According to phytochemical test and LC-APCI-MS identification, the PE fraction was positive for steroids compounds such as β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and erythrodiol. Steroid isolates from TLC and column chromatography separation has toxicity and antioxidant properties. Based on toxicity test, LC 50 value of steroid isolate by TLC separation was 19.69 ppm, whereas, by column chromatography separation, LC 50 value of A10 and A12 isolate was 26.67 and 49.04 ppm, respectively. Antioxidant activity (EC 50 value) of steroid isolate by TLC separation was 73.82 ppm. Percentage of antioxidant activity of A2, A8, A10 and A12 isolates (by column chromatography separation) at 50 ppm were 2.60, 4.09, 4.52 and 3.29 %.

<p><em><span lang="EN">Hydrilla verticillata</span></em><span lang="EN"> is one of water plants that has some bioactivities. The </span>presence of secondary metabolites in <em>H. verticillata</em> is responsible for the bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to determine and separate bioactive compounds from fraction of petroleum ether (PE) and ethyl acetate (EA) as a result of hydrolysis of <em>H. verticillata</em> ethanol extract. <em>H. verticillata</em> was extracted by maceration method using ethanol solvent, hydrolyzed with hydrochloric acid and partitioned respectively with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. Crude ethanol extract, PE and EA fraction were identified their secondary metabolites. The phytochemical test results showed <em>H. verticillata</em> ethanol extract containing alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids. PE fraction contained steroids and terpenoids, while EA fraction contained flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. Analytical thin layer chromatography analysis showed n-hexane : ethyl acetate (4: 1) eluent as the best mobile phase for separating steroids. The preparative thin layer chromatography analysis of <em>H. verticillata</em> fraction using n-hexane : ethyl acetate (8: 2) as mobile phase resulted in 17 and 14 spots of PE and EA fractions, respectively.</p><p>Keywords: <em>Hydrilla verticillata</em>, thin layer chromatography, phytochemicals<em></em></p><p> </p><p><em>Hydrilla verticillata</em> merupakan salah satu tanaman air yang banyak memiliki bioaktivitas. Adanya metabolit sekunder pada H. verticillata yang bertanggung jawab terhadap bioaktivitas ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui <span lang="IN">dan memisahkan </span>senyawa aktif dari <span lang="IN">fraksi petroleum eter</span> (PE) <span lang="IN">dan etil asetat</span> (EA) <span lang="IN">hasil hidrolisis </span>ekstrak <span lang="IN">etanol </span>H. verticillata. Ekstrak diperoleh dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol, dihidrolisis dengan asam klorida dan dipartisi masing-masing dengan petroleum eter dan etil asetat. Ekstrak kasar etanol, fraksi PE dan EA diuji kandungan metabolit sekundernya. Hasil <span lang="IN">u</span>ji fitokimia <span lang="IN">menunjukkan </span>ekstrak<span lang="IN"> etanol</span>H. verticillata mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, tanin, saponin, triterpenoid, dan steroid. Fraksi PE mengandung steroid dan terpenoid, sedangkan fraksi EA mengandung flavonoid, steroid, dan triterpenoid. Hasil analisis KLTA menunjukkan eluen n-heksana : etil asetat (4:1) sebagai fasa gerak terbaik untuk memisahkan steroid.Hasil analisis KLTP fraksi H. verticillatamenggunakan perbandingan fasa gerak n-heksana : etil asetat (8:2) menghasilkan spot fraksi PE dan EA berturut-turut sebanyak 17 dan 14 spot.</p><p><span>Kata Kunci: </span><em><span>Hydrilla verticillata</span></em><span>, kromatografi lapis tipis, uji </span><span lang="IN">fitokimia</span></p>