<p>Tape is one of the products of fermentation. Of the agreement MUI, foods and beverages containing alcohol should not exceed 1%, so the food / drinks that contain high levels of alcohol exceeding 1% are included in the category of haram for consumption. This study aimed to determine the effect of fermentation time on ethanol content of cassava (<em>Monihotutilissima Pohl</em>) tapai. The method that is used to separate the two or more component of volatile and non volatile from tapai is called distillation while to analyze an ethanol level used gas chromatography (GC) method. To examine the data which differentiate the base concentration of alcohol (%) in cassava tapai since fermentation</p><p>process which were analyzed by variants analysis (ANOVA). In the next experiment, if there was different significant result, then continued by the test of BNT which the level for about 1%.</p>The samples of cassava (<em>Monihot utilissima Pohl</em>) tapai fermented for about 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. Those tapai were mashed and added the aquades. The mixed materials were distillated, then entered into the bottle and considered as gram unit. The considered distillations were being analyzed used gas chromatography (GC) method.The result of the research showed that there is the influence of long fermentation to ethanol level’s of cassava (Manihot utilissima Phol) tapai. The level of cassava ethanol was 0.844%, 2.182%, 4.904%, 6.334% and 11.811%. The long fermentation was for about 120 hours and it was an indeed influence (p < 0,01) to the level of cassava’s ethanol among the period of long fermentation.
ABSTRAK Pemurnian minyak goreng bekas dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu despicing
<p>Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dan identifikasi senyawa aktif ekstrak alga merah <em>Eucheuma spinosum </em>telah dilakukan. Ekstraksi senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan metanol. Pemisahan metabolitnya dilakukan dengan proses hidrolisis dengan HCl 2 N, dilanjutkan dengan ekstraksi partisi menggunakan pelarut 1-butanol, etilasetat, kloroform, petroleum eterdan n-heksana. Pengujian aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH dengan menentukan nilai EC<sub>50. </sub>Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi pada fraksi petroleum eter, diikut ioleh fraksi kloroform, metanol, etilasetat, 1-butanol dan n-heksanadengan nilai EC<sub>50 </sub>masing-masing 12,65 ppm, 19,23 ppm, 22,13 ppm, 41,94 ppm, 73,02 ppm dan 80,32 ppm. Kandungan golongan senyawa yang terdapat dalam ekstrak petroleum eter adalah flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid dan asam askorbat.</p>
Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data profil fitokimia dan data bioktivitas antifungi ekstrak MeOH, fraksi n-heksana, fraksi CHCl 3 dan fraksi EtOAc daun laban (Vitex pinnata L.) asal pantai Pangandaran terhadap fungi Candida albicans dan Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Ekstraksi daun laban dilakukan dengan metode maserasi dan partisi bertingkat. Uji fitokimia dilakukan melalui uji profil fitokimia dan pengamatan KLT terhadap ekstrak MeOH, fraksi n-heksana, fraksi CHCl 3 , fraksi EtOAc. Dari hasil uji fitokimia dan identifikasi golongan senyawa dengan KLT diperoleh informasi bahwa ekstrak MeOH daun laban mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid, fenolik, steroid dan terpenoid. Fraksi n-heksana mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan steroid. Fraksi CHCl 3 mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid, fenolik dan steroid. Sedangkan fraksi EtOAc mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan fenolik dan terpenoid. Uji aktivitas antifungi dilakukan dengan metode difusi dan dilusi agar. Hasil uji aktivitas antifungi menunjukkan nilai DDH dan KHM terbaik dimiliki oleh fraksi EtOAc dengan nilai DDH rata-rata mencapai 15,5 mm pada konsentrasi 50% dan nilai KHM sebesar 3,1% terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Diduga metabolit sekunder golongan terpenoid berperan penting dalam aktivitas antifungi pada ekstrak EtOAc terhadap Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Abstract The objective of this research are to obtain phytochemical profile data and antifungal bioactivity data from MeOH extract, n-hexane fraction, CHCl 3 fraction and EtOAc fraction of Laban leaves (Vitex pinnata L.) from Pangandaran beach to against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Candida albicans. Laban leaves extraction is done by maceration method and multilevel partitioning. Phytochemical test is done through testing and screening of phytochemistry profile by TLC to the MeOH extract, n-hexane fraction, CHCl 3 fraction and EtOAc fraction. The results and identification of phytochemical classes compounds with TLC obtained information that the MeOH extract of laban leaves containing secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and terpenoids. N-hexane fraction containing secondary metabolites steroids. CHCl 3 fractions containing secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phenolics and steroids. EtOAc fraction containing secondary metabolites such as phenolics and terpenoids. Antifungal activity test was taken by diffusion and dilution methods. Antifungal activity test results showed the best MIC and DDH value owned by EtOAc fraction with DDH values averaged 15.5 mm at a concentration of 50% and the MIC values of 3.1% against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Classes of terpenoid secondary metabolites was expected have a role to antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in EtOAc extract.
<p>Chlorella sp. merupakan salah satu tumbuhan tingkat rendah yang mempunyai potensi untuk dimanfaatkan, sebagaimana Firman Allah Swt. dalam al-Quran surat asy Syu’ara ayat 7. Chlorella sp. termasuk dalam spesies mikroalga dari kelompok Chlorophyta yang mengandung senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan seperti flavonoid, tanin, senyawa fenolik, terpenoid, klorofil dan karotenoid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui potensi aktivitas antioksidan dan golongan senyawa aktif dari Chlorella sp. yang ditumbuhkan dalam Medium Ekstrak Tauge (MET).</p><p>Chlorella sp. dikultivasi dalam MET 4 % dan pemanenan dilakukan pada hari ke-10. Ekstraksi Chlorella sp. dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan dua variasi pelarut yaitu metanol dan etil asetat. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar Chlorella sp. dilakukan dengan uji DPPH secara spektrofotometri sinar tampak. Identifikasi golongan senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji reagen secara kualitatif yang meliputi alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, tanin, dan asam askorbat.</p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan sel tertinggi (4,6 x 105 sel/mL) saat kultivasi Chlorella sp. dalam MET terjadi pada hari ke-10. Rendemen dari ekstrak metanol dan ekstrak etil asetat Chlorellasp. berturut-turut adalah 7,001 % dan 3,673 %. Ekstrak metanol Chlorella sp. mempunyai aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat dengan nilai EC50 sebesar 18,610 ppm, begitu juga dengan ekstrak etil asetat yang mempuyai nilai EC50 sebesar 27,320 ppm. Hasil identifikasi golongan senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam ekstrak kasar Chlorella sp. menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol mengandung steroid, tanin dan asam askorbat, sedangkan ekstrak etil asetat mengandung tanin dan asam askorbat.</p>
Hydrilla verticillata contains some active compounds that potential as an antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antimicrobial and antitumor. One of the active compounds in Hydrilla verticillata is steroids. This research aimed to isolate, to identify and to determine the toxicity and antioxidant activity of steroid compounds in petroleum ether (PE) fraction of Hydrilla verticillata. Hydrilla verticillata biomass powder was extracted by maceration using ethanol solvent. The ethanol extract was hydrolyzed with 2 N of hydrochloric acid and then partitioned with petroleum ether solvent. The steroid compounds from petroleum ether fraction were separated with Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Column Chromatography. The steroid isolates were identified by UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometer. The toxicity level and antioxidant assay of steroid isolates were determined by BSLT and DPPH method, respectively. The result of the study showed that extraction through maceration produced 4.54% yield, whereas the product yield of the partition using petroleum ether was 65.41%. The steroid isolates from TLC and Column Chromatography separation has toxicity and antioxidant properties. The LC50 value of steroid TLC isolate was 1.41 and 12.2 ppm. The LC5o value of steroid Column Chromatography isolates (H2, H4 and H10) were 4.32, 8.24 and 10.35 ppm. The EC50 value of H2 Column Chromatography isolate was 23.00 ppm.
The production of cinnamic acid secondary metabolites through in vitro culture of callus Camellia sinensis L with the elicitor of cobalt metal ions
The Chlorella sp. is a microscopic unicellular microalgae that contains organic oils which can be hydrolyzed into fatty acids. Fatty acids is one of the active components in microalgae which allegedly acted as an antibacterial. The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of fatty acids from the hydrolysis process of microalgae Chlorella sp. oil against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.Insulating oil Chlorella sp. performed by the Soxhlet method with n-hexane. Chlorella sp. oil was hydrolyzed with 12% KOH in methanol to obtain fatty acids. The antibacterial activity of these fatty acids was tested against E. coli and S. aureus using the disc diffusion method.The result showed that the yield of oil Soxhlet Chlorella sp. was equal to 6.28 %. Hydrolysis of Chlorella sp. oil produced a yield of 69.57%. Fatty acids have antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria, but not against the bacteria E. coli. Fatty acids inhibition zone from Chlorella sp. against the bacteria S. aureus at the concentration 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; and 2.5% respectively are 1.8; 1.9; 3.2; 3.5; and 3 mm.Keywords: Microalgae Chlorella sp., Fatty acids, Soxhlet extraction, antibacterial activity. ABSTRAKChlorella sp. merupakan mikroalga uniselular berukuran mikroskopis yang banyak mengandung minyak organik yang dapat dihidrolisis menjadi asam lemak. Asam lemak merupakan salah satu komponen aktif dalam mikroalga yang diduga berperan sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri asam lemak hasil hidrolisis minyak mikroalga Chlorella sp. terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus.Isolasi minyak Chlorella sp. dilakukan dengan metode Soxhletasi dengan pelarut n-heksana. Minyak Chlorella sp. dihidrolisis dengan KOH 12 % dalam pelarut metanol untuk mendapatkan asam lemak. Asam lemak yang dihasilkan diuji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus menggunakan metode difusi cakram.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen Soxhletasi minyak Chlorella sp. adalah sebesar 6,28 %. Hidrolisis minyak Chlorella sp. menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 69,57 %. Asam lemak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri S. aureus, tetapi tidak terhadap bakteri E. coli. Zona hambat asam lemak Chlorella sp. terhadap bakteri S. aureus pada konsentrasi 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; dan 2,5 % secara berturut-turut adalah 1,8; 1,9; 3,2; 3,5; dan 3 mm.Kata Kunci: Mikroalga Chlorella sp., asam lemak, ekstraksi Soxhlet, aktivitas antibakteri.
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