Mangabeira is a native fruit tree from Brazil, which provides a delicious fruit to taste and beneficial to health, whose information about the seedlings production will assist the entire productive chain of this important species. The aim of this research was to evaluate protected environments and substrates compositions in the formation of mangabeira seedlings. For this, two greenhouses with different screens were used, the first covered with aluminized thermo-reflective screen of 50% shading and the second with black screen of 50% shading. Inside the environments, were tested substrates derived from combinations of various proportions of bovine manure (M), soil (S), medium vermiculite (MV), super fine vermiculite (FV) and fine sand (FS). For each environment of cultivation was adopted a completely randomized design to evaluate the substrates, with five replicates of eight plants. The environments were compared by analysis of experiments groups. The results showed that both protected environments are suitable for mangabeira seedlings. In the aluminized screen is indicated for the formation of seedling in the substrate with 20% M + 30% S + 10% MV + 30% FV + 10% FS while in the black screen is indicated for seedlings in the substrate with 10% M + 30% S + 10% MV + 10% FV + 40% FS and with 10% M + 30% S + 40% MV + 10% FV + 10% FS.
A agricultura está cada vez mais tecnificada, utilizando abundantemente os recursos naturais de acordo com suas metas produtivas e gerando, assim, desequilíbrio nos ciclos naturais. Em sua maior parte, essa produção é realizada por meio da utilização de sementes, que são sensíveis a diversos fatores, entre estes injúrias provocadas por insetos-praga. Para o controle dessas pragas em sementes, diversas metodologias alternativas de tratamento podem ser empregadas: metabólitos secundários vegetais, organismos biocontroladores, indutores de resistência, controle físico e manejo integrado. Logo, estudos na área de tratamento alternativo de sementes é uma das bases para a fomentação de uma agricultura sustentável, em que muitas são as possibilidades de pesquisa e trabalho. ABSTRACT: Currently, agriculture is becoming more technological, using abundant natural resources according to its productive goals and thus generating imbalance in the natural cycles. This production, is mostly carried out through the use of seeds, that are sensitive to several factors such as injuries caused by pest insects. For the control of these pests in seeds, several alternative treatment methodologies may be employed: secondary metabolites vegetables, biocontrol organisms, resistance inducers, physical control and integrated management. Studies in the area of alternative treatments is one of the bases for the fomentation of a sustainable agriculture, in which many are the possibilities of research and work. Métodos alternativos para controle de insetos-praga em sementes Alternative methods of seed treatments aiming pest control
Priming is an alternative to improve the performance of seeds that have germination problems, such as Urochloa brizantha seeds. This study aimed at evaluating the appropriate hydration period and chemical agents used for priming, via direct immersion, in the physiological quality and carbohydrate content of U. brizantha seeds. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, with four replicates of each treatment, consisting of lower, median and higher hydration periods, in the phase II of the absorption curve, and agents used for priming: water, gibberellin, sucrose and antioxidant (riboflavin). Germination and vigor tests were carried out, as well as carbohydrate contents determination, in the seeds. It was observed that seeds hydrated in the lower period show higher physiological potential. Priming with gibberellin provides a greater seedling emergence, and with sucrose higher carbohydrate contents.
Weeds are important alternative hosts of pathogens, responsible for the survival and spread of phytopathogenic bacteria. Our study evaluated the potential of weeds as hosts of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), causal agent of bacterial wilt, one of the main diseases of common beans. Cff survival was evaluated in the phyllosphere and in the rhizosphere of 21 weeds, in four experiments under field conditions, during the years 2018 and 2019. The aerial part of the plant was inoculated by spraying bacterial suspension (107 cfu/ml) of Cff, while the soil of the growing pots was infested with the same suspension. Cff survival was evaluated every 7 days, for 70 days. The identity of the bacterium was confirmed by PCR with the specific primers CffFOR2 and CffREV4, from strains recovered from all samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that high temperatures and rainfall reduced Cff survival in the phyllosphere, while high temperatures reduced the survival of the bacterium in the rhizosphere. Our results demonstrated that Amaranthus viridis (family Amaranthaceae), Conyza bonariensis, Emilia fosbergii, Galinsoga parviflora, Gnaphalium purpureum (Asteraceae), Raphanus sativus, Lepidium virginicum (Brassicaceae), Commelina benghalensis (Commelinaceae), Ipomoea triloba (Convolvulaceae), Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae), Senna obtusifolia (Fabaceae), Digitaria insularis (Poaceae), Nicandra physalodes, and Solanum americanum (Solanaceae) are potential hosts for Cff. Their eradication in common bean fields is recommended, especially in fields with a history of bacterial wilt occurrence.
O ácaro Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) é considerado uma das principais pragas apícolas mundiais. O risco de contaminação da cera e do mel, assim como o desenvolvimento de resistência desta praga, têm levado à busca por alternativas de controle que substituam os acaricidas convencionais. O presente trabalho objetivou determinar os efeitos de diferentes óleos essenciais na mortalidade de abelhas Apis mellifera e do ácaro Varroa destructor, parasita destes insetos. A metodologia consistiu em manter separadamente grupos formados por abelhas e ácaros, em gaiolas com óleos essenciais nas concentrações de 10 µL, 50 µL e 200 µL, sendo cada concentração um ensaio. Foram realizados tratamentos com água, anis, alecrim, canela, eucalipto, cravo e menta. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. As abelhas e ácaros foram observados por seis horas, para a quantificação da mortalidade, em função dos tratamentos utilizados. Os óleos essenciais não afetaram as abelhas de forma significativa, contudo, os óleos de anis, canela, eucalipto e cravo causaram mortalidade significativa dos ácaros. Para a concentração de 10 µL, observou-se taxa de mortalidade de 70% para anis e canela, 77,5% para eucalipto e 75% para cravo. Na concentração de 50 µL, foram observados valores de 75% para cravo e canela, 90% para anis e 92,5% para eucalipto. Já na concentração de 200 µL, os valores de mortalidade foram de 92,5% para anis e eucalipto, 52,5% para canela e 87,5% para cravo. Com base na taxa de mortalidade observada, sugere-se que estas substâncias sejam usadas em substituição aos acaricidas convencionais.
A síndrome da morte súbita da soja tem causado sérios problemas na cultura. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos óleos essenciais de copaíba, nim, manjericão, menta e palma rosa no crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, agente causal desta doença. Foram testadas quatro concentrações dos óleos essenciais, 4000, 6000, 8000 e 1000 µL/L de meio BDA (batata-dextrose-ágar). Discos miceliais de 3 mm de diâmetro foram inoculados no centro das placas de Petri contendo o meio BDA com os tratamentos, medindo se o crescimento micelial sete dias após a incubação das placas. Com exceção dos óleos essenciais de nim e copaíba, os demais inibiram completamente o desenvolvimento micelial. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial antifúngico destes óleos essenciais no controle desta doença
Pepper (Capsicum annum) is one of the main vegetables consumed in the Brazilian market, however, an important fungal disease, anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, can decimate all its fruits in the field. Chemical control is the most commonly used measure of control, but, some active ingredients are proving ineffective, and consumers appreciate healthier options such as organic foods. Therefore, studies with natural substances that may help in the management of diseases have been encouraged. Because it is transmitted via seed, seed treatment becomes an essential measure in the management and control of pepper anthracnose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum), citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), copaiba (Copaifera langsdorfii), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), mint (Mentha arvensis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oils on the development of C. gloeosporioides. Citronella, clove, eucalyptus, mint and basil essential oils totally inhibited the pathogen, regardless of the concentration used. These essential oils were then used to treat seeds infected with C. gloeosporioides, evaluating the physiological and health quality of these seeds. Clove essential oil reduced the incidence of fungi in seeds inoculated with the pathogen, without affecting their physiological quality.
O interesse pelo controle alternativo de doenças de plantas tem crescido nos últimos anos, em parte porque os consumidores estão cada vez mais exigentes em relação aos alimentos que consomem, mas, principalmente, devido à resistência que vários fitopatógenos têm desenvolvido aos principais defensivos empregados. Diante desse contexto, os óleos essenciais vêm ganhando destaque. Na área de patologia de sementes, os estudos realizados em nosso país têm focado na inibição in vitro de patógenos transmitidos por sementes por óleos essenciais, e na aplicabilidade dessas substâncias às sementes, avaliando-se a qualidade fisiológica. No entanto, em outros países, pesquisadores vêm solucionando um dos maiores problemas relacionados ao tratamento de sementes com óleos essenciais: a volatilização. O encapsulamento dessas substâncias permite que sejam usadas a campo, sem perder efeito ao longo do tempo, viabilizando, assim, seu uso em tratamento de sementes. A presente revisão bibliográfica visa abordar todos esses aspectos, auxiliando assim pesquisadores da área.
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