A database of 793 commercial pomegranate juices was analyzed to produce a profile for authentication of pure pomegranate juice. The database consisted of data from a mix of authentic and adulterated samples. Statistical tools were used to reduce the database to a stable sample set of 477 presumably authentic samples. The profile obtained (mean, SD at 16 Brix) are as follows: fructose (g/100 g) 6.83, 0.50; glucose (g/100 g) 6.66, 0.44; sucrose (g/100 g) 0.00, 0.00; sorbitol (g/100 g) 0.00, 0.01; acidity (g/100 g as citric acid) 1.25, 0.32; citric acid (g/100 g) 1.19, 0.30; malic acid (g/100 g) 0.065, 0.034; tartaric acid (g/100 g) 0.00, 0.00; isocitric acid (mg/kg) 63, 21; potassium (mg/kg) 2320, 400; proline (mg/kg) 7, 5; formol value [milliequivalents/100 g] 1.00, 0.24; 13C/12C ratio [o/oo Pee Dee belemnite]-26.4, 0.8. The profile samples had a consistent anthocyanin pattern consisting of four major peaks corresponding to delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, and cyanidin-3-glucoside. Minor peaks corresponding to pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside were also generally present. No maltose, D-malic acid, or tartaric acid were detected in any of the samples. The profile obtained corresponds closely with previously published data.

A method has been developed for quantitative removal of the methyl group carbon from vanillin and determination of its isotopic composition. The method is of value for the detection of synthetic vanillins whose isotopic compositions have been adjusted by the addition of [methyZ-13C]vanillin to resemble natural vanillins.

The pomegranate fruit ( Punica granatum ) has become an international high-value crop for the production of commercial pomegranate juice (PJ). The perceived consumer value of PJ is due in large part to its potential health benefits based on a significant body of medical research conducted with authentic PJ. To establish criteria for authenticating PJ, a new International Multidimensional Authenticity Specifications (IMAS) algorithm was developed through consideration of existing databases and comprehensive chemical characterization of 45 commercial juice samples from 23 different manufacturers in the United States. In addition to analysis of commercial juice samples obtained in the United States, data from other analyses of pomegranate juice and fruits including samples from Iran, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Syria, India, and China were considered in developing this protocol. There is universal agreement that the presence of a highly constant group of six anthocyanins together with punicalagins characterizes polyphenols in PJ. At a total sugar concentration of 16 degrees Brix, PJ contains characteristic sugars including mannitol at >0.3 g/100 mL. Ratios of glucose to mannitol of 4-15 and of glucose to fructose of 0.8-1.0 are also characteristic of PJ. In addition, no sucrose should be present because of isomerase activity during commercial processing. Stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry as > -25 per thousand assures that there is no added corn or cane sugar added to PJ. Sorbitol was present at <0.025 g/100 mL; maltose and tartaric acid were not detected. The presence of the amino acid proline at >25 mg/L is indicative of added grape products. Malic acid at >0.1 g/100 mL indicates adulteration with apple, pear, grape, cherry, plum, or aronia juice. Other adulteration methods include the addition of highly concentrated aronia, blueberry, or blackberry juices or natural grape pigments to poor-quality juices to imitate the color of pomegranate juice, which results in abnormal anthocyanin profiles. To adjust the astringent taste of poor-quality juice or peel extract, addition of nonpomegranate sugars is a commonly detected adulteration method. The profile generated from these analyses combined with information from existing databases and published literature has been integrated into a validated IMAS for PJ, which can be utilized to detect PJ adulteration. In this survey of commercial pomegranate juices, only 6 of 23 strictly met all of the IMAS criteria.

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Major and some minor constituents were determined for a series of fresh pineapple juices. Results Include: soluble solids 11.2-16.2 g/100 g, acidity (reported as citric acid) 0.46-1.21 g citric acid/100 mL, fructose 1.72-4.75 g/100 mL, glucose 1.21-4.52 g/100 mL, sucrose 2.47-9.73 g/100 mL, citric acid 0.439-1.151 g/100 mL, malic acid 0.073- 0.391, Isocltrlc acid 80-265 mg/L, potassium 830- 1410 mg/L, formol value 0.74-1.69 meq/100 mL, proline 11-44 mg/L, and carbon isotope ratio 13.5- 11.2%o PDB. Use of these compositional values In the detection of adulterated pineapple juice is discussed.

An international ring test was undertaken in 2012 among 10 international honey testing laboratories to examine the effects of filtration and/or centrifugation addition to AOAC 998.12 method (C4 sugar detection in honey). During protein extraction, when using the repetitive washing method, any insoluble material (i.e., pollen, dust) is coextracted along with protein which may result in contamination of the protein isotope value and result in a false-positive test. A modification step involving filtration and/or centrifugation to remove insoluble material before protein flocculation was proposed. Results were compared across 10 laboratories internationally and were found to be an excellent assessment of interlaboratory variability with the standard variances between laboratories better than ±0.2‰ for honey and ±0.3‰ for protein.

Bitter almond oil (benzaldehyde), a flavoring compound used in many foods, was isolated from apricot kernels; 2 synthetic benzaldehyde samples were obtained from commercial sources. All samples were analyzed for radiocarbon (l4C) content. The natural sample yielded a value consistent with its natural origin (approximately 116% of Modern Standard Activity), while the synthetic samples were devoid of 14C activity as expected for a petrochemical material. Implications for quality control of bitter almond oil are discussed