The development of pathogen resistance and the relatively high cost of chemical fungicides dictate the necessity to develop alternative disease control strategies. These strategies include biological methods of plant protection. However, the effectiveness of biological plant protection depends on the biological agent's activity, which strongly depends on external physical factors. The applicant of biological remedies for seed inlay is one of the environmentally safe ways to combat seed and soil infection. However, nowadays, the impact of mechanical means during seed inoculation on the survival of microorganisms remains poorly studied. A laboratory installation has been created that makes it possible to imitate the working process of applying microorganisms to plant seeds during inlay, changing the pressure in the distribution system, the types of sprayers and the temperature of the working composition of the biological product with its further study in order to determine the number of living microorganisms remaining in it after processing. According to the results of the experimental data, graphical dependences were constructed showing the impact of pressure in the sprayer system, the temperature of the biological product and the type of spraying device on the viability of microorganisms. For microorganisms of RECB-50B (based on Bacillus sp.), RECB-14B (based on Pseudomonas putida), RECB-74F (Trichoderma viride) strains, the optimal parameters of the above factors were established during mechanical application of a biological product to the treated seeds: temperature of the working compound is 20 to 25 ºС, the pressure in the biopreparation delivery system is 0.4 MPa, the optimal type of spray nozzle is experimental, adapted for working with biopreparations.
For many years, the Kazan State Agrarian University has been engaged in research to find new highly effective technical solutions for processing seeds of various crops in the conditions of agricultural producers. One of these developments is a machine for removing the husk from the seed of the aeromechanical type. A distinctive feature of these machines is using in the design an additional working body, made in the form of a mesh confusor, located on the exhaust pipe of the fan-thrower. The aim of the work is mathematical modeling of the movement of achenes in the working areas of aeromechanical devices. The study uses the positions of gas dynamics and analytical geometry. The size and direction of the air flow in the working areas of the seed material are influenced by the geometric parameters of the main working bodies. According to the mathematical solutions, it can be seen that the components of the air flow velocity in the transverse and longitudinal directions change along the length of the confusor. And to determine the parameters of the movement of the achene in the working areas of machines for removing the husk from aeromechanical seeds, it is necessary to know the physical, mechanical and technological properties of seeds, the parameters of the air flow, as well as the structural and technological parameters of the surfaces of the main working bodies. The resulting mathematical models describe the movement of the seed air mixture in the working area, with a numerical solution on a computer you can get a graphical image of the trajectory of the movement of seeds in the confusor, which allows to build a nomogram for calculating the parameters of the confusor and segment, thus justifying the main design and technological parameters of the machine for removing the husk from the seed of the aeromechanical type.
The most important process that affects the quality of the product obtained during the processing of buckwheat into cereals is peeling -the separation of films (outer shells) from the grain, which is carried out by peeling machines that differ in different ways of affecting the grain and the design of working elements. The Kazan State Agrarian University is working on developing devices with a reversible deck for peeling buckwheat grains. Their practical significance lies in the fact that the use of such devices eliminates the need for preliminary separation of grain into fractions according to geometric dimensions, and also increases the efficiency of grain peeling due to the influence of a complex of balanced forces on it. We consider a new design of a device for peeling buckwheat grain with a variable deck, which differs from existing devices in its compactness, low metal consumption, and low energy costs. To determine the performance indicators of the proposed peeling device, a laboratory prototype was created that allows, by changing the rotation frequency of the blade rotor and deck, to determine the peeling coefficient (a quantitative indicator) and the core integrity coefficient (a qualitative indicator). According to the results of the conducted experiments, the best indicators of peeling efficiency are observed, when peeling buckwheat grain with the moisture content 14, and 15 % after hydrothermal treatment at the rotor speed varied from 2100 to 2250 min -1 and deck speed -from 950 to 1150 min -1 .
Optimization of plow adjustment is very important for national economy, especially in solving problems of increasing agricultural production and reducing energy consumption during plowing. One of the ways to optimize the plow adjustment is to reduce the friction forces of the plow from pressure on the bottom of the furrow and the walls of the furrow. To optimize the configuration of the plow, various methods and techniques are proposed and used that have certain advantages and disadvantages. One of the promising directions of reducing the friction forces of the plow is a dynamic method that uses adjustments of specific devices of the plow and tractor linkage mechanisms. However, one of the significant drawbacks of these adjustments is the shift of the tractor traction point from the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the tractor. The accepted working hypothesis and the studies of the process dynamics made it possible to determine the optimal parameters of the calculated and structural displacement of the tractor thrust point from the resistance line of the plow, as well as to develop recommendations for manufacturers of plows and agricultural tractors.
The purpose of the work is to determine the possibility of controlling the operation of cereal grain husks by changing the angular rotation speed of the disk (rotor) and deck to provide optimal conditions for peeling (removal of the flower shell from the grain). For this purpose, the movement of grain in the working space of the husk between the disk and the rotating deck is considered. The mathematical model of grain movement in the working space of the husk, taking into account the real aerodynamics of the rotating air flow, where the efficiency of peeling is determined by the speed and direction of the grain flight, is presented. To study the nature of the influence of structural and regime parameters of the desiccant on the efficiency of work, on the basis of the obtained mathematical model, numerical calculations and graphical dependences are made. On the basis of the analysis of the received graphs it is revealed that the direction of the grain impact on the deck is strongly influenced by the direction of the grain velocity vector at the moment of its tearing from the disk edge and the deck rotation angle speed. At the same time, the right angle impact of the grain can be achieved at low speeds of the deck rotation, and the speed of the grain during the impact is mainly determined by the speed of the disk rotation and practically does not depend on the speed of the deck rotation.
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