The development of pathogen resistance and the relatively high cost of chemical fungicides dictate the necessity to develop alternative disease control strategies. These strategies include biological methods of plant protection. However, the effectiveness of biological plant protection depends on the biological agent's activity, which strongly depends on external physical factors. The applicant of biological remedies for seed inlay is one of the environmentally safe ways to combat seed and soil infection. However, nowadays, the impact of mechanical means during seed inoculation on the survival of microorganisms remains poorly studied. A laboratory installation has been created that makes it possible to imitate the working process of applying microorganisms to plant seeds during inlay, changing the pressure in the distribution system, the types of sprayers and the temperature of the working composition of the biological product with its further study in order to determine the number of living microorganisms remaining in it after processing. According to the results of the experimental data, graphical dependences were constructed showing the impact of pressure in the sprayer system, the temperature of the biological product and the type of spraying device on the viability of microorganisms. For microorganisms of RECB-50B (based on Bacillus sp.), RECB-14B (based on Pseudomonas putida), RECB-74F (Trichoderma viride) strains, the optimal parameters of the above factors were established during mechanical application of a biological product to the treated seeds: temperature of the working compound is 20 to 25 ºС, the pressure in the biopreparation delivery system is 0.4 MPa, the optimal type of spray nozzle is experimental, adapted for working with biopreparations.

In recent years, many researchers have paid more attention to the substantiation and determination of the range of optimal (rational) parameters, ensuring a reduction in energy, labor and time, and the effect of mechanical treatment on the soil structure. The article presents the rationale and determination of the design parameters of the rotary subsoil loosener of the combined plough for flat ploughing. Rotational working element is made in the form of a screw cone mounted on a bearing, with the possibility of frictional rotational movement around its own axis from the reaction of the soil, and which is a multiple-thread screw. Oscillatory-rotational movement, which occurs in the process of introducing the ripper-subsoiler into the soil, is due to the uneven resistance of the soil. An analytical study was conducted from the point of view of the impact of soil-cultivating workers on the soil, depending on their design parameters. Analytical dependences of the subsoil loosener were obtained, which allowed substantiating the choice of its design parameters, in particular, the central angle β at the top of the cone, the width of the grip, the distance L between the plough bottoms and the resistant subsoil loosener, and the length of the soil splitting. Central angle at the cone apex β depends on the depth at which loosening occurs, the extension length of the cone apex from the tine and the rear cutting angle of the subsoil loosener.Minimal acceptable distance from the subsoil loosener's tine to the combined tillage machine's bottom depends on the depth of loosening, rear cutting angle, cone apex angle β and the physical-mechanical properties of the soil. These dependences determine the possibility of a stable rotational workflow, which is reduced to a constructive implementation after the calculation of its basic parameters. The obtained analytical dependences and some prerequisites can be used both in the study and in the design of such rotary working bodies.

Intensification of work processes of agricultural machinery is a part of important national economic problems of increase of agricultural production. One way to increase intensity is to reduce grain loss when working with combine harvesters on slopes of fields. In the lateral pitch of the harvester there is redistribution of the grain heap on the screen width and cleaning sieves. The diagram of linear distribution density of the grain heap on the screen width and cleaning sieves is transformed from a uniform type of rectangle to irregular: the type of triangle, trapeze without a shift or with a shift in the direction of the pitch. We have large losses of grain, because of the uneven linear distribution density of the grain heap on the screen width and sieves. The article offers various methods and devices, which have certain advantages and disadvantages, to reduce grain loss. One of the promising directions to reduce grain loss is the dynamic method, which uses a specific device as a set of hinged-lever units. However, one of the major drawbacks of these devices is the equality of oscillation frequency of the longitudinal and lateral pitch. The adopted working hypothesis and studies of the process kinematics and dynamics will define the main structural and technological parameters of the cam mechanism to align the linear distribution density of the grain heap on the screen width and sieves.

No abstract

Global climatic changes have a negative impact on the development of all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the very production of agricultural products is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere. Taking into account the need to reduce the “carbon footprint” in food production, a special place is occupied by the analysis of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of measures for their sequestration in agriculture. One of the main directions for reducing emissions and immobilizing greenhouse gases is the development of special techniques for their sequestration in the soil, including those used in agriculture. Adaptation of existing farming systems for this task will significantly reduce the “carbon footprint” from agricultural production, including animal husbandry. The development of carbon farming allows not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also to significantly increase the level of soil fertility, primarily by increasing the content of organic matter in them. As a result, it becomes possible, along with the production of crop production, to produce “carbon units” that are sold on local and international markets. The paper analyzes possible greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and the potential for their sequestration in agricultural soils. The role of various elements of the farming system in solving the problem of reducing the “carbon footprint” is considered and ways of developing carbon farming in the Republic of Tatarstan are proposed

Increasing the efficiency of agricultural production, in particular the production of crop products in personal subsidiary plots, depends on the development and implementation of high-tech machines and their working units. The need for small-sized tillage equipment is increasing from year to year. But in order to increase the functionality of the equipment and the quality of soil preparation for sowing, it is necessary to study the possibility of using various additional working units. The purpose of the work is theoretical studies of the movement and kinematic connection of a trailed slatted-spiral roller with a walk-behind tractor, which make it possible to substantiate rational design and technological parameters of a small-sized tillage tool. The study used the provisions of classical mechanics and analytical geometry, methods of equilibrium and motion of mechanical systems based on differential and integral principles of mechanics. The design of active and passive rollers for a walk-behind tractor is considered, which allows to qualitatively prepare the soil for sowing at the depth of seeding, the influence of potential and non-potential effects on their generalized forces is revealed, the angular velocity and their acceleration are determined, as well as the dynamic characteristics of the moment of inertia of the rollers relative to the axes of rotation X4 and Z4 and their frames relative to the axes of rotation X3 and Z3. The difference in the generalized force for a passive roller relative to the angle φ 5.49 N∙m was obtained. The angular speed of the active roller is 23.0 rad/s higher than that of the passive roller, and as a result of research it was revealed that the moments of inertia of the active roller and its frame relative to the axles are significantly higher than that of the passive roller. Generalized forces for an active roller relative to the angle q = 2.58 N∙m and relative to the angle φ = 1.98 N∙m, for a passive roller - relative to the angle q = 2.32 N∙m and relative to the angle φ = 7.47 N∙m. The generalized forces for the potential effects of an active roller are Qθa=1.58 N∙m, Qφa=2.26 N∙m, for a passive roller Qθn=1.32 N∙m, Qφn= 4.60 N∙m. Mθa = 1 N∙m, Mφa = 114.63 N∙m; passive roller - respectively Mθn = 1 N∙m, Mφn = 178.9 N∙m

The level of providing the population with livestock products at the expense of their own production largely depends on the development of grain production, which is an important strategic component of the country's food security. Achieving this goal is possible only with the stable functioning of the entire agricultural sector, the main direction of which is to increase the volume of grain production and increase the economic efficiency of its organization and management. Grain farming is the basis of agricultural production, which has a decisive influence on the development of all its branches. In connection with the above, the analysis of the state of grain production in the Russian Federation in the conditions of transition to export-oriented production becomes relevant. In this connection, the analysis of the sown areas of grain and leguminous crops in farms of all categories, in the context of the main categories of farms of the Russian Federation, was carried out. In addition, a study of the yield of grain and leguminous crops in the context of the main categories of farms of the Russian Federation was conducted, all this allowed us to state that the intensive development of grain production for the period from 2016 to 2020. it became possible due to a change in the structure of sown areas, an increase in the yield of grain and leguminous crops. Thus, in the main category of grain producers, the gross harvest increased by 8.1 %, amounting to 93.2 thousand tons. in peasant (farm) farms, the volume of grain production increased by 17.7 % or from 33.47 to 39.41 million tons. In the households of the population, the gross grain harvest was distinguished by a downward trend – from 1023 thousand tons to 858 thousand tons, or by 16.1 % compared to the level of the base year

One of the necessary conditions for the creation of effective working bodies that ensure high quality tillage with the lowest possible energy intensity of the process is the search for the optimal geometric and kinematic parameters of the working body of the tillage implement. This problem is successfully solved for working bodies making a simple flat movement. At the same time, a significant proportion of the working bodies of agricultural machines have relatively complex working bodies, which, along with the portable rectilinear movement, rotate around its axis. So, many rotary working bodies rotate around disjoint axes and move progressively in a direction that does not coincide and does not intersect with the instantaneous axis of rotation. One of the promising designs of the working bodies for deep loosening of the soil is a rotary working body conical shape. In the article, the equations of motion of an arbitrary point of the working surface of a subsoiler of a conical shape are obtained. The subsoiler is a screw cone mounted on a bearing, with the possibility of frictional rotational movement. The main research results are obtained on the basis of theoretical study using methods of mechanics, analytical geometry and laws of agricultural mechanics. The rational parameters of the angle at the apex of the cone ψ and the rear cutting angle ε are revealed. Using the obtained equations, it is possible to determine the speed of action on the soil, as well as the acceleration of various points of the working surface of the cone-shaped rotary working bodies, which can be further used to analyze the process of interaction of the tool with the soil and justify its structural and technological parameters.