Somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures of petal explants of rose cv arizona is reported here. The calli from petals initiated on dicamba containing medium were friable and gave rise to embryos after several subcultures while those obtained from other explants did not show embryogenesis. Abscisic acid and phloroglucinol were necessary during maturation and plant development, respectively. The individual embryos grew into true-to-type plants.
Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most important fruits of tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is believed to be native of Tropical America; probably Southern Mexico from where it spread to most of the Caribbean and Asian countries during the16 th century. India stands first in the production of papaya in the world followed by Nigeria, Indonesia, Mexico, Ethiopia and others. The fruit has high nutritive and medicinal value especially vitamin A (2020 IU/l00g). It also possesses vitamin B, folate and pantothenic acid besides minerals like potassium and magnesium. Five papaya varieties were evaluated for yield and quality parameters under rayalseema dry zone of Andhra Pradesh. The highest yield per plant (45.57 kg) was recorded in TFCP-2 while highest estimated yield per hectare (121.62t/ha) was recorded in the variety Red Lady. Maximum fruit length (21.80 cm), maximum level of total soluble solids (14.88 0 brix) was found in the variety TFCP-4. However, Highest pulp thickness (3.96 cm) was recorded in the variety Red Lady. Among five papaya varieties Red lady was found to be superior in terms of yield and quality parameters.
Many researchers regard somatic embryogenesis as a system of choice for in vitro propagation of superior varieties of crops such as coffee, mango, datepalm, and rose. While there are advantages, commercialization has not been possible so far in coffee, mango, and rose. The work highlights some reasons for this and feasible alternatives. We have established somatic embryogenesis in four elite Indian arabica coffee genotypes. Plantlets (3500) of all the four varieties are now being field-evaluated. The cost of producing these propagules is 15 times the seedling cost at present. A major constraint is the long time (6 months) needed to reach the five-leaf stage in vitro prior to release for acclimatization. This period can be reduced to 2 months using exvitro development after the two leaf stage. There are many reports of somatic embryogenesis in mango. Results on establishing free-living plantlets have not been encouraging.We found a number of abnormalities in the shape of the somatic embryos in cv. Rumani. However, except for the “rod”-shaped ones (that lacked cotyledonary expansion), all embryos germinated satisfactorily (75% rooting).We have encouraging results in reducing the time required to generate suitable plantlets for field acclimatization and in standardizing the procedures for grafting. Our laboratory has developed methods for ex vitro germination of mature embryos in datepalm,which yield more numbers of free-living plantlets (50%–60%) in only 3 months with an average of four leaves per plant. This compared favorably with in vitro germination that takes 6 months and produces plantlets with one or two leaves only. A novel protocol for obtaining somatic embryogenesis in rose from petal derived calli was developed by us (Murali et al., 1996). The number of embryos induced was too low for commercial application. [Murali et al., 1996. Euphytica 91:271–275].
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