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Secure routing in Mobile Adhoc Network (Manet) is the key issue now a day in providing secure access to different network services. As mobile devices are used in accessing different services, performing secure routing becomes a challenging task. Towards this, different approaches exist which find the trusted route based on their previous transmission details and behavior of different nodes. Also, the methods focused on trust measurement based on tiny information obtained from local nodes or with global information which are incomplete. However, the adversary nodes are more capable and participate in each transmission not just to steal the data also to generate numerous threats in degrading QoS (Quality of Service) parameters like throughput, packet delivery ratio, and latency of the network. This encourages us in designing efficient routing scheme to maximize QoS performance. To solve this issue, a two stage trust verification scheme and secure routing algorithm named GL-Trust (Global-Local-Trust) is presented. The method involves in route discovery as like popular AODV (Adaptive Ondemand Distance Vector) which upgrades the protocol to collect other information like transmission supported, successful transmissions, energy, mobility, the number of neighbors, and the number of alternate route to the same destination and so on. Further, the method would perform global trust approximation to measure the value of global trust and perform local trust approximation to measure local trust. Using both the measures, the method would select a optimal route to perform routing. The protocol is designed to perform localized route selection when there is a link failure which supports the achievement of higher QoS performance. By incorporating different features in measuring trust value towards secure routing, the proposed GL-Trust scheme improves the performance of secure routing as well as other QoS factors.

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This work aims to investigate the effect of SiO 2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of pineapple leaf ber (PALF) epoxy hybrid composites. The compression molding process was used to create the composite. To achieve the aforementioned goals, the blends were made using 25% PALF and varied weight proportions (3wt%, 6wt%, and 9wt%) of SiO 2 nanoparticles. Tensile, bending, impact, interlaminar shear, shoreline D hardness, and dynamic mechanical analysis were all evaluated. SEM was used to examine the morphology of the materials, and an FTIR spectrometer was used to look for the presence of organic chemicals in ber-reinforced composite materials. The ndings show that adding 25% PALF ber and 6% SiO 2 nanoparticles (D-type) to the epoxy polymer improved the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites. It can be attributed to the improved interaction and homogeneous dispersion of the llers and epoxy polymers. Moreover, the water uptake parameters of all samples were studied. The ndings showed that the inclusion of reinforcements boosts the water uptake of the composite signi cantly. The initial deterioration rate of the SiO 2 -incorporated hybrids is almost the same, at about 400°C, which is considerably greater than that of the beginning breakdown temperatures of PALF (300°C), according to the thermography study. This might imply that the ber and polymers form a stronger bond, reducing polymer movement and increasing the thermostability of the combination.

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