Glaucoma is a major threatening cause, in which it affects the optical nerve to lead to a permanent blindness to individuals. The major causes of Glaucoma are high pressure to eyes, family history, irregular sleeping habits, and so on. These kinds of causes lead to Glaucoma easily, and the effect of such disease leads to heavy damage to the internal optic nervous system and the affected person will get permanent blindness within few months. The major problem with this disease is that it is incurable; however, the affection stages can be reduced and the same level of effect as that for the long period can be maintained but this is possible only in the earlier stages of identification. This Glaucoma causes structural effect to the eye ball and it is complex to estimate the cause during regular diagnosis. In medical terms, the Cup to Disc Ratio (CDR) is minimized to the Glaucoma patients suddenly and leads to harmful damage to one’s eye in severe manner. The general way to identify the Glaucoma is to take Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) test, in which it captures the uncovered portion of eye ball (backside) and it is an efficient way to visualize diverse portions of eyes with optical nerve visibility shown clearly. The OCT images are mainly used to identify the diseases like Glaucoma with proper and robust accuracy levels. In this work, a new methodology is introduced to identify the Glaucoma in earlier stages, called Depth Optimized Machine Learning Strategy (DOMLS), in which it adapts the new optimization logic called Modified K-Means Optimization Logic (MkMOL) to provide best accuracy in results, and the proposed approach assures the accuracy level of more than 96.2% with least error rate of 0.002%. This paper focuses on the identification of early stage of Glaucoma and provides an efficient solution to people in case of effect by such disease using OCT images. The exact position pointed out is handled by using Region of Interest- (ROI-) based optical region selection, in which it is easy to point the optical cup (OC) and optical disc (OD). The proposed algorithm of DOMLS proves the accuracy levels in estimation of Glaucoma and the practical proofs are shown in the Result and Discussions section in a clear manner.
The automobile instrument is the indispensable item that is essential to keep the driver conversant of the process of the engineer and the other system. There are different parameters involved in the automobile instrument, which requires a different process involved in creating the automobile parameter. This research is designed to show the simulation development of injection molding and optimization of automobile instrument parameters using different optimization techniques. In this paper, Taguchi Orthogonal parameter design and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are used to measure the shrinkage volume rate and warpage amount rate. Most of the studies are designed to calculate the reduction and warpage for the gate location and glass material. The Taguchi orthogonal design contains five different parameters which are inversely proportional to each other. Hence, by optimizing those parameters, the injection molding procedure is passed out. In this research, the paper is designed to process the injection molding for the automobile instrument parameter using optimization techniques.
5G (fifth generation) is more reliable at a very low cost and provides 10 times more capacity than other generations. Some of the countries namely India, South Korea, San Marino, China have conducted experiments for the implantation of 5G. 5G Wireless Technology used for mobile communication will be expected to be launched in India by 2020. Companies such as Nokia, Ericsson, Intel, AT&T, BT, Qualcomm, Verizon, and Samsung are developing the new wireless mobiles for 5G. High speed, low latency, and high capacity are the main characteristics of 5G for supporting different real-time multimedia. So, there is necessary to develop the 5G enabling technologies. The key enabling technologies used in 5G networks include Device-to-device (D2D) communication, Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, Millimetre Wave, Quality of Service (QoS), Network Function Virtualization (NFV), Vehicle-to-everything (V2X), Full-Duplex and Green Communication. 5G allows transmitting data at 10-20 Gbps which is 100 times greater than 4G technology which creates new IoT robotic surgery applications. This paper explains about evolution and overview of 5G wireless technology with its features, applications, equipment providers, technological challenges, impact on society, etc. and also describes the architecture of 5G along with its key enabling technologies.
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