We investigated the association of eye color with the dominantsubordinate relationship in the fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Eye color pattern was also examined in relation to the intensity of attacks. We paired 20 size-matched fish (intruder: 73.69 ± 11.49 g; resident: 75.42 ± 8.83 g) and evaluated eye color and fights. These fish were isolated in individual aquaria for 10 days and then their eye color was measured 5 min before pairing (basal values). Twenty minutes after pairing, eye color and fights were quantified for 10 min. Clear establishment of social hierarchy was observed in 7 of 10 pairs of fish. Number of attacks ranged from 1 to 168 among pairs. The quartile was calculated for these data and the pairs were then divided into two classes: low-attack (1 to 111 attacks -2 lower quartiles) or high-attack (112 to 168 attacks -2 higher quartiles). Dominance decreased the eye-darkening patterns of the fish after pairing, while subordinance increased darkening compared to dominance. Subordinate fish in lowattack confrontations presented a darker eye compared to dominant fish and to the basal condition. We also observed a paler eye pattern in dominants that shared low-attack interactions after pairing compared to the subordinates and within the group. However, we found no differences in the darkening pattern between dominants and subordinates from the high-attack groups. We conclude that eye color is associated with social rank in this species. Moreover, the association between eye color and social rank in the low-attack pairs may function to reduce aggression.

We investigated the effects of environmental color on the reproductive behavior of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Two environmental colors were tested by covering the aquarium (60 x 60 x 40 cm) with white (12 groups) or blue (13 groups) cellophane and observing reproductive behavior in groups of 2 males (10.27 ± 0.45 cm) and 3 females (10.78 ± 0.45 cm) each. After assignment to the respective environmental color (similar luminosity = 100 to 120 Lux), the animals were observed until reproduction (identified by eggs in the female's mouth) or up to 10 days after the first nest building. Photoperiod was from 6:00 h to 18:00 h every day. Food was offered in excess once a day and water quality was similar among aquaria. Daily observations were made at 8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 17:00 h regarding: a) latency to the first nest, b) number of nests, c) gravel weight removed (the male excavates the nest in the bottom of the aquarium), d) nest area, and e) mouthbrooding incubation (indication of reproduction). The proportion of reproducing fish was significantly higher (6 of 13) in the group exposed to the blue color compared the group exposed to the white color (1 of 12; Goodman's test of proportions). Moreover, males under blue light removed significantly larger masses of gravel (blue = 310.70 ± 343.50 g > white = 130.38 ± 102.70 g; P = 0.01) and constructed wider nests (blue = 207.93 ± 207.80 cm 2 > white = 97.68 ± 70.64 cm 2 ; P = 0.03) than the control (white). The other parameters did not differ significantly between light conditions. We concluded that reproduction in the presence of blue light was more frequent and intense than in the presence of white light.

Dentre as diversas tecnologias utilizadas para cálculo do volume de materiais na mineração, o Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT) e o Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR), surgem como alternativas rápidas e precisas, em comparação com as técnicas de topografia tradicionais como estação total e Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Diante destas novas tecnologias, este estudo avaliou a acurácia do cálculo de volume, realizado por meio de Modelos Digitais de Terreno (MDTs), gerados a partir das tecnologias VANT, LiDAR e GNSS, em uma pilha de rejeito da extração de calcário laminado, explorado para fabricação de lajotas in natura, comercializado com o nome de "Pedra Cariri", no município de Santana do Cariri, no Estado do Ceará. A avaliação da acurácia foi realizada com base no método de testes de hipóteses, a partir da análise de tendência e precisão, sendo os resultados classificados de acordo com o Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica dos Produtos Cartográficos Digitais (PEC-PCD). Como resultado, o modelo gerado a partir do VANT apresentou a melhor acurácia no cálculo de volume da pilha de rejeito, objeto deste estudo, seguido pela modelagem obtida pelos levantamentos GNSS e LiDAR.

No abstract

It was observed that the spoligopatterns family distribution was similar to that reported for South America, prevailing the LAM and H lineages. A high rate-case among the resistant TB group occurs as a result of transmitted and acquired resistance. A more effective surveillance program is needed in order to succeed in reducing tuberculosis in Northeast Brazil.

The process of coastal erosion is a global problem that impacts approximately 70% of coastal regions of the Earth. It causes loss of property, infrastructure, and biodiversity, besides generating major economic impacts. Therefore, the analysis and monitoring of coastal erosion is an issue that needs to be addressed. In this sense, remotesensing data have been widely used in studies that evaluate the spatial and temporal changes of land use. In addition, the use of time series of satellite imagery applied in the investigation of changes in the Earth's coverage and its spatio-temporal pattern has been proven as an extremely efficient approach. Thus, remote sensing and geoprocessing are effective techniques to obtain continuous and dynamic information from coastal regions at different levels and scales. In this context, the main objective of this work was to create a prognostic model for the generation of future scenarios, based on the analysis of the spatialtemporal changes of the shorelines from past decades to the present, having as the pilot area the coast of the municipality of Icapuí, in the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. For that, Statistical Regression technique was used. In addition, the techniques of Digital Image Processing and the extraction of the modified normalized difference water index were used. As a result, the prognosis of coastal erosion was generated for the year 2021, based on the time series of the years 1985, 1991, 1997, 2003, 2009, and 2015. After the extrapolation process, the results were validated through the mean absolute error. Furthermore, through the Python programming language and the OpenCV library, a computational solution was implemented to be executed in a Geographic Information Systems environment that automated the process of generating future prognostic and the extraction of the shoreline in a shapefile format.

Coastal environments are highly dynamic and sensitive to interference and variations caused by the numerous natural and anthropogenic agents. The northern coast of Northeastern Brazil has undergone intense erosion in recent years. However, the construction of the Pecém Port modified the beach and shoreline features differently from the adjacent areas. This article describes using remote-sensing images integrated with a Geographic Information System to evaluate the sedimentary balance and morphological changes observed in the sandy beach area that was affected by the construction of Pecém Port. Two methods were applied to the RapidEye images to quantify the short-time changes that occurred on the coast. The Digital Shoreline Analysis System method showed that the beach width increased west to the port, which was calculated by the Change Polygon Approach determined by intersecting and uniting polygons to estimate the difference between the areas over time. The short-time analysis results showed changing coastal morphology, demonstrating that the anthropic interventions in the region are transforming significantly the natural elements that make up the region landscape. Between 2011 and 2014, the investigated beach stretch of approximately 3 km suffered an accretion process of more than 102,000 m 2 over 3 years. The high spatial resolution of satellite images, digital processing imaging techniques and geostatistical methods were effective in this study, allowing understanding the recent changes in the area.

Resumo:Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a morfologia e a evolução dos depósitos costeiros do oeste do Ceará, reconstituindo a paleogeografi a da área, em associação com o comportamento do nível médio do mar no Holoceno Tardio. Por meio da análise faciológica e petrográfi ca, foram identifi cados cinco fácies sedimentares e suas formas deposicionais