Autores e colaboradores Diretrizes para Cessação do Tabagismo Número de substâncias identificadas em 15 funções químicas existentes no fumo Funções Número de químicas substâncias Amidas, imidas 237 Ácidos carboxílicos 227 Lactonas 150 Ésteres 474 Aldeídos 108 Cetonas 521 Álcoois 379 Fenóis 282 Aminas 196 N-eterocíclicos 921 Hidrocarbonetos 755 Nitrilas 106 Éteres 311 Carboidratos 42 Anidridos 11 Total 4.720

Considering hospitalization as an indicator of seriousness of acute respiratory infection (ARI), this study focuses on the association between some environmental factors with the need for hospitalization of children with a diagnosis of ARI. The study analyzed all the medical records (at the Municipal Emergency Ward in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State) of children under five years of age (both sexes), collected by month of attendance. Two weather seasons were considered: dry (May-October) and rainy (November-April). Variables included: temperature, relative humidity, and number of fires (due to extensive slashing and burning for agriculture in the region). Prevalence of ARI was 49.8%, and hospitalization was required in 7.6% of cases, with a higher percentage during the dry season. The dry season and lower relative humidity were associated with increased pediatric hospitalization rate due to ARI.

OBJETIVO: Analisar os fatores preditivos de abandono do tratamento da tuberculose pulmonar. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte histórica a partir da análise de 481 pacientes bacilíferos, de um total de 529 casos inscritos no Programa de Controle de Tuberculose de Cuiabá (MT), de 1998 a 2000. Os dados foram obtidos do livro de registro do programa e dos prontuários médicos. Para o cálculo das taxas de incidência utilizou-se o método de densidade de incidência. Na análise bivariada utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado para razões de taxas de abandono (risco relativo) - Cornfield, ou o exato de Fisher. Foi construído um modelo de regressão logística multivariada visando a identificar as variáveis mais relevantes como preditoras da variável resposta (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A incidência global de abandono foi de 27,3%, equivalente a 5,1 abandonos por 100 pessoas/mês, com maior freqüência entre o segundo e o terceiro meses de tratamento. No modelo final, pela regressão logística, foram considerados preditores para o abandono: tratamento não supervisionado (razão de chance: 2,58; intervalo de confiança 95%: 1,64 - 4,06; p < 0,001), ter realizado tratamento em 1998 e 1999 (razão de chance:1,43; intervalo de confiança 95%:1,14 - 1,80; p = 0,002), ser do sexo masculino (razão de chance:1,39; intervalo de confiança 95%:1,10 - 1,76; p = 0,005) e ter abandonado previamente tratamentos anteriores (razão de chance: 1,37; intervalo de confiança 95%:1,06 - 1,78; p = 0,017). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados indicam elevada incidência de abandono, sendo considerados preditores: tratamento não supervisionado, ano de tratamento, sexo masculino e abandono prévio.

Resumo Objetivo: analisar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao distúrbio de voz em professores. Métodos: estudo transversal com 317 professores. Utilizou-se o questionário Condição de Produção Vocal do Professor. A variável dependente foi o distúrbio de voz autorreferido. Foram realizadas análises bivariada, estratificada e regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: a prevalência do distúrbio de voz foi de 81%. Para o estrato dos professores do ensino fundamental, apenas a poeira (RP = 1,37; IC = 1,12-1,69) foi associada ao distúrbio de voz. Para o estrato dos demais professores, as variáveis ritmo de trabalho estressante (RP = 1,81; IC = 1,17-2,82), estresse no trabalho (RP = 2,47; IC = 1,20-5,07), trabalho repetitivo (RP = 1,18; IC = 1,01-1,38), levar trabalho para casa (RP = 1,80; IC = 1,01-3,79) e escola ruidosa (RP = 1,41; IC = 1,03-1,92) apresentaram associações com distúrbio de voz. Na análise múltipla, estresse no trabalho (RP = 1,50; IC = 1,05-2,15), poeira (RP = 1,21; IC = 1,06-1,39) e falar carregando peso (RP = 1,16; IC = 1,05-1,28) permaneceram associadas ao distúrbio de voz, exceto o tempo de profissão maior ou igual a 10 anos (RP = 0,88; IC = 0,79-0,98), que apresentou efeito protetor. Conclusão: a prevalência de distúrbio de voz entre os professores é alta e os fatores associados relacionam-se ao ambiente e à organização do trabalho.

This ecological study used data accumulated between 2001 and 2012 hospital admissions of children under five years of age with asthma in 141 municipalities in the Mato Grosso. Hospital data were extracted from the SIH/SUS system, and hospitalisation rates were estimated using the Bayesian inference method. SaTScan software was used for the calculation of the relative risk (RR). Differences in socioeconomic characteristics among municipalities with high and low hospitalization rates were evaluated by nonparametric Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. This test indicates that municipalities with better socioeconomic characteristics have lower hospitalization rates. The analysis of the linear models in the two study periods indicated that the decreasing trend in the number of admissions was 3-fold higher in the 2005-2012 period compared with the 2001-2004 period. In addition, a decrease of 76% in the hospitalisation incidence rate was observed during the 12-year study period; this decrease was more evident from 2005 onward. The municipalities identified as having increased risk of hospitalisation of children with asthma were located in areas subjected to intense burning practices and with low municipal development indices.

This article is a literature review of the psychological aspects of smoking behavior, highlighting personality characteristics of the smoker as an obstacle to smoking cessation. It describes the relationship between smoking behavior and personality, and between smoking and the principal psychiatric disorders. Studies reveal that smokers tend to be more extroverted, anxious, tense, and impulsive, and show more traits of neuroticism and psychoticism than do ex-smokers or nonsmokers. The literature also reveals a strong association between smoking and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. Understanding the psychological factors associated with tobacco smoking and dependence can further the development and improvement of therapeutic strategies to be used in smoking-cessation programs, as well as of programs aimed at prevention and education. return to levels similar to those observed in controls. Excessive weight gain generally follows alterations in behavior and personality patterns, frequently manifested as depression, abstention, self-punishment, irritability, and aggression. Weight gain, together with increased stress, intensifies the impulse to eat, perpetuating the vicious cycle. At the moment, the three most widely accepted theories to explain the relationship between smoking and body weight are as follows: a) increased metabolic rate, with greater energy expenditure by smokers; b) differences in quality and quantity of food intake by smokers; c) appetite loss, via nicotine. (4,5) In this review article, emphasizing the personality profile of the smoker as an important obstacle to cessation, we describe the relationship between smoking and personality and, subsequently, the relationship between smoking and the principal psychiatric disorders. Smoking and personalityMost studies on the relationship between smoking and personality characteristics, in recent decades, were carried out according to the theoretical model proposed in 1967. (6) According to this approach, there are three predominant dimensions of character or personality supposedly related to smoking: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.The extroversion dimension comprises factors such as sociability, assertiveness, positive emotions, vivacity, and activity level. (7) It has been hypothesized that there is a relationship between extroversion and smoking. (6) In line with this interpretation, extroverts and introverts differ as to the level of necessary stimulation for their well-being. At equivalent stimulation levels, extroverts will be characterized by low cortical excitation, and introverts by high cortical excitation. At a medium level of stimulation, at which most daily activities occur, extroverts will more likely feel little stimulated, whereas introverts will feel highly stimulated. Since they operate below their ideal level of cortical excitation, extroverts might try to change their external environment through increased activity, or might try to change their internal environment by ingesting substances, su...

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A high proportion of adolescents have experimented with smoking. After adjusting for confounding variables, the factors most strongly associated with cigarette experimentation were maternal level of education, age of the adolescent, attending school in the evening, having been held back for one school year and having a sibling who smokes. Preventive measures must be directed at adolescents in schools in order to control smoking.